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ALM Meaning Finance: A Deep Dive into Asset-Liability Management
Introduction:
In the dynamic world of finance, understanding key terms is crucial for navigating complex strategies and making informed decisions. One such term, often encountered by financial professionals and investors alike, is "ALM." But what does ALM mean in finance? This comprehensive guide unravels the intricacies of Asset-Liability Management (ALM), explaining its core principles, practical applications, and the vital role it plays in ensuring the long-term stability and profitability of financial institutions. We'll explore various ALM strategies, the risks involved, and how effective ALM can contribute to a robust financial foundation. Prepare to gain a clear understanding of ALM and its significance in the financial landscape.
What Does ALM Mean in Finance? A Definition
ALM, or Asset-Liability Management, is a strategic approach employed by financial institutions to manage the risks associated with the mismatch between their assets and liabilities. In simpler terms, it's about effectively balancing the organization's holdings (assets) with its obligations (liabilities) to optimize profitability and minimize the risk of insolvency. This involves meticulously analyzing the timing and amount of both assets and liabilities, considering factors such as interest rate fluctuations, credit risk, and market volatility. The goal is to ensure the institution can meet its financial obligations as they come due, regardless of unforeseen market shifts.
Key Components of Effective ALM
Several crucial components contribute to a robust ALM framework:
1. Understanding Your Asset and Liability Profiles: This involves a detailed analysis of the institution's balance sheet, carefully categorizing assets (loans, investments, securities) and liabilities (deposits, borrowings, bonds). The analysis should consider the maturity dates, interest rates, and inherent risks associated with each item.
2. Risk Measurement and Modeling: This is a crucial step where sophisticated models are used to quantify the potential risks arising from mismatches between assets and liabilities. Key risks include:
Interest Rate Risk: The risk that changes in interest rates will negatively impact the net worth of the institution.
Liquidity Risk: The risk that the institution will be unable to meet its short-term obligations as they come due.
Credit Risk: The risk of loss due to a borrower's default.
Market Risk: The risk that changes in market conditions will negatively impact the value of assets.
3. Strategic Asset-Liability Matching: This involves strategically aligning the maturity dates and cash flows of assets and liabilities. For example, matching short-term liabilities with short-term assets minimizes liquidity risk. However, this needs to be balanced with the need to generate returns.
4. Regular Monitoring and Reporting: ALM is not a one-time exercise. Continuous monitoring of the asset-liability position is essential, with regular reporting and adjustments made as needed to reflect changing market conditions and the institution's strategic goals.
5. Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis: ALM necessitates robust stress testing to assess the resilience of the institution's balance sheet under various adverse scenarios, including severe economic downturns or unexpected market shocks.
ALM Strategies in Practice
Various strategies are employed within the framework of ALM, tailored to the specific needs and circumstances of the financial institution. These strategies can include:
Duration Matching: This involves aligning the weighted average maturity of assets and liabilities to minimize interest rate risk.
Immunization: This strategy aims to protect the net worth of the institution from interest rate fluctuations by constructing a portfolio of assets and liabilities with carefully matched durations.
Hedging: This involves using financial instruments, such as derivatives, to mitigate specific risks, such as interest rate risk or currency risk.
Active Management: This strategy involves actively adjusting the asset-liability position to take advantage of market opportunities and optimize profitability.
Importance of ALM in Financial Stability
Effective ALM is not merely a compliance requirement; it is crucial for the long-term survival and prosperity of financial institutions. It ensures that:
Institutions can meet their obligations: ALM prevents liquidity crises and ensures the institution can meet its payment obligations, preventing defaults and maintaining confidence among depositors and creditors.
Profitability is optimized: By carefully managing assets and liabilities, institutions can maximize returns while minimizing risks.
Resilience is enhanced: A well-designed ALM framework strengthens the institution's resilience against economic downturns and market shocks.
Regulatory compliance is achieved: ALM is often a regulatory requirement for financial institutions, ensuring compliance with capital adequacy ratios and other relevant regulations.
Conclusion: The Cornerstone of Financial Stability
ALM, in its essence, is the bedrock of sound financial management for any institution dealing with assets and liabilities. Understanding its principles and implementing effective strategies are crucial not only for mitigating risk but also for achieving sustainable growth and profitability. By employing robust ALM practices, financial institutions can navigate the complexities of the financial markets with confidence, safeguarding their long-term stability and contributing to the overall stability of the financial system.
Article Outline: ALM Meaning Finance
I. Introduction: Hook the reader, define ALM, and provide an overview of the article's contents.
II. What ALM Means in Finance: A detailed explanation of Asset-Liability Management and its core principles.
III. Key Components of Effective ALM: Discussion of risk measurement, strategic matching, monitoring, and stress testing.
IV. ALM Strategies in Practice: Exploration of different strategies like duration matching, immunization, hedging, and active management.
V. Importance of ALM in Financial Stability: Highlighting the role of ALM in ensuring solvency, profitability, and regulatory compliance.
VI. Conclusion: Summary of key takeaways and emphasis on the importance of ALM.
(Note: The above outline mirrors the structure of the article already written above.)
9 Unique FAQs
1. What is the difference between ALM and risk management? While ALM is a subset of risk management, it focuses specifically on the risks arising from the mismatch between assets and liabilities. Risk management encompasses a broader range of risks.
2. How does ALM impact profitability? Effective ALM optimizes the return on assets while minimizing risks, leading to improved profitability.
3. What are the consequences of poor ALM? Poor ALM can lead to liquidity crises, insolvency, and even the collapse of the financial institution.
4. What role do regulations play in ALM? Regulations often mandate specific ALM practices, requiring institutions to meet capital adequacy ratios and other requirements.
5. How does technology impact ALM? Technology plays a crucial role in facilitating sophisticated modeling, simulations, and data analysis in ALM.
6. Can small businesses benefit from ALM principles? While the complexity of ALM might be less for small businesses, the underlying principles of managing assets and liabilities effectively remain crucial for their financial stability.
7. What is the role of the ALM officer? An ALM officer is responsible for overseeing the implementation and monitoring of the institution's ALM framework.
8. How often should an institution review its ALM strategy? ALM strategies should be reviewed regularly, at least annually, and more frequently in response to significant market changes.
9. What are the ethical considerations in ALM? Ethical considerations in ALM include transparency, accuracy in reporting, and avoiding practices that could jeopardize the stability of the financial institution or the broader financial system.
9 Related Articles
1. Interest Rate Risk Management: Explores strategies for mitigating interest rate risk within the context of ALM.
2. Liquidity Risk Management in Banking: Focuses on managing liquidity risk, a critical aspect of ALM for banks.
3. Credit Risk Modeling and ALM: Discusses the integration of credit risk models into the ALM framework.
4. ALM for Insurance Companies: Examines the specific challenges and strategies for ALM in the insurance sector.
5. The Role of Derivatives in ALM: Explains the use of derivatives for hedging risks within ALM.
6. Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis in ALM: Details the importance of stress testing and scenario analysis for robust ALM.
7. ALM Software and Technology: Reviews available software and technology for supporting ALM processes.
8. Regulatory Compliance and ALM: Explores the regulatory landscape and compliance requirements related to ALM.
9. ALM Best Practices for Financial Institutions: Provides a compilation of best practices and guidelines for implementing effective ALM.
| alm meaning finance: Bank Asset and Liability Management Moorad Choudhry, 2011-12-27 Banks are a vital part of the global economy, and the essence of banking is asset-liability management (ALM). This book is a comprehensive treatment of an important financial market discipline. A reference text for all those involved in banking and the debt capital markets, it describes the techniques, products and art of ALM. Subjects covered include bank capital, money market trading, risk management, regulatory capital and yield curve analysis. Highlights of the book include detailed coverage of: Liquidity, gap and funding risk management Hedging using interest-rate derivatives and credit derivatives Impact of Basel II Securitisation and balance sheet management Structured finance products including asset-backed commercial paper, mortgage-backed securities, collateralised debt obligations and structured investment vehicles, and their role in ALM Treasury operations and group transfer pricing. Concepts and techniques are illustrated with case studies and worked examples. Written in accessible style, this book is essential reading for market practitioners, bank regulators, and graduate students in banking and finance. Companion website features online access to software on applications described in the book, including a yield curve model, cubic spline spreadsheet calculator and CDO waterfall model. |
| alm meaning finance: Asset Liability Management Optimisation Beata Lubinska, 2020-04-20 An advanced method for financial institutions to optimize Asset Liability Management for maximized return and minimized risk Financial institutions today are facing daunting regulatory and economic challenges. As they manage bank regulation and competition, institutions are also optimizing their Asset Liability Management (ALM) operations. The function of the ALM unit today goes beyond risk management related to the banking book into managing regulatory capital and positioning the balance sheet to maximize profit. Asset Liability Management Optimization: A Practitioner's Guide to Balance Sheet Management and Remodelling offers a step-by-step process for modeling and reshaping a bank's balance sheet. Based on the author's extensive research, it describes how to apply a quantifiable optimization method to help maximize asset return and minimize funding cost in the banking book. ALM ranks as a key component of any financial institution's overall operating strategy. Now, financial professionals can use an advanced solution for optimizing ALM. This book takes a closer look at the evolving role of the ALM function and the target position of the banking book. It provides strategies for active management, structuring, and hedging of a bank balance sheet, while also exploring additional topics related to ALM. A description of the Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP) process related to a bank’s target position Detailed examinations of interest rate risk in the banking book (IRRBB) Discussion of Basel III regulatory requirements and maturity gap analysis Overview of customer behavior, along with its impact on interest rate and liquidity risk Practical spreadsheet models (NII sensitivity and EVE volatility IRRBB model, simplified optimization model for minimization of average funding cost for a bank and an example of behavioral model for Non-Maturing Deposits) Explorations of model risk, sensitivity analysis, and case studies The optimization techniques found in Asset Liability Management Optimization can prove vital to financial professionals who are tasked with maximizing asset return and reducing funding costs as a critical part of business objectives. |
| alm meaning finance: Handbook of Financial Risk Management Thierry Roncalli, 2020-04-23 Developed over 20 years of teaching academic courses, the Handbook of Financial Risk Management can be divided into two main parts: risk management in the financial sector; and a discussion of the mathematical and statistical tools used in risk management. This comprehensive text offers readers the chance to develop a sound understanding of financial products and the mathematical models that drive them, exploring in detail where the risks are and how to manage them. Key Features: Written by an author with both theoretical and applied experience Ideal resource for students pursuing a master’s degree in finance who want to learn risk management Comprehensive coverage of the key topics in financial risk management Contains 114 exercises, with solutions provided online at www.crcpress.com/9781138501874 |
| alm meaning finance: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards , 2004 |
| alm meaning finance: A Primer on Managing Sovereign Debt-Portfolio Risks Thordur Jonasson, Mr.Michael G. Papaioannou, 2018-04-06 This paper provides an overview of sovereign debt portfolio risks and discusses various liability management operations (LMOs) and instruments used by public debt managers to mitigate these risks. Debt management strategies analyzed in the context of helping reach debt portfolio targets and attain desired portfolio structures. Also, the paper outlines how LMOs could be integrated into a debt management strategy and serve as policy tools to reduce potential debt portfolio vulnerabilities. Further, the paper presents operational issues faced by debt managers, including the need to develop a risk management framework, interactions of debt management with fiscal policy, monetary policy, and financial stability, as well as efficient government bond markets. |
| alm meaning finance: Asset and Liability Management for Banks and Insurance Companies Marine Corlosquet-Habart, William Gehin, Jacques Janssen, Raimondo Manca, 2015-08-05 This book introduces ALM in the context of banks and insurance companies. Although this strategy has a core of fundamental frameworks, models may vary between banks and insurance companies because of the different risks and goals involved. The authors compare and contrast these methodologies to draw parallels between the commonalities and divergences of these two services and thereby provide a deeper understanding of ALM in general. |
| alm meaning finance: Dear CEO Thinkers50 Limited, 2017-08-24 50 letters from high-profile business leaders and thinkers to their CEO offering advice, insight and guidance. This collection of specially-commissioned letters offers clear, calming and concise advice from across the spectrum of current leadership thinking. Written by respected business thinkers around the world, these 50 letters provide guidance, wisdom and personal insight into the particular challenges facing the business world today and anyone in a senior position. Contributors include high-profile names such as Tom Peters, who stresses the importance of focussing on the people within an organization; Liz Mellon, who writes to her CEO about gender equality in the workplace; Chris Zook, explaining how a change of mentality can lead to exponential growth; and Linda Brimm, who discusses managing global cosmopolitans and a modern workforce. Dear CEO also features a foreword by Zhang Ruimin, Chairman and CEO of Haier Group. |
| alm meaning finance: The Principles of Banking Moorad Choudhry, 2022-09-22 A timely and robust discussion of responsible bank stewardship and practice. The Second Edition of The Principles of Banking offers banking professionals, regulators, and students from a variety of backgrounds an authoritative and practical discussion of the foundations of modern banking and good banking practice. In the book, you'll find a comprehensive roadmap to a more sustainable business model for your banking organization. The author draws on his many years' experience as a commercial and investment banker as he explains the original principles of banking—including sound lending policy, capital management, and liquidity risk management—as well as new material covering the impact of COVID-19 on banks, risk management, and balance sheet management. The Principles of Banking also provides recommendations for bank asset-liability management best practices that enable banks to deliver optimized balance sheets for the benefit of all stakeholders. It also includes new chapters in market risk management, foreign exchange risk management, interest rate risk, and credit risk policy and management. An essential update to a widely read and taught banking text, The Principles of Banking, Second Edition is an indispensable resource for banking professionals and students everywhere. |
| alm meaning finance: Asset-Liability Integration Krzysztof M. Ostaszewski, 2002-05 |
| alm meaning finance: Financial Risk Management José A. Soler Ramos, Inter-American Development Bank, Grupo Santander, 2000 Drawing on practical methods used by successful risk managers in emerging and developed markets throughout the world, the book provides specific guidance on establishing a modern risk management framework and developing efficient approaches to increase the profitability of risk management activities in emerging market settings.--BOOK JACKET. |
| alm meaning finance: The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement Christopher Marrison, 2002-07-18 A step-by-step guidebook for understanding—and implementing—integrated financial risk measurement and management The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement introduces the state-of-the-art tools and practices necessary for planning, executing, and maintaining risk management in today’s volatile financial environment. This comprehensive book provides description and analysis of topics including: Economic capital Risk adjusted return on capital (RAROC) Shareholder Value Added (SVA) Value at Risk (VaR) Asset/liability management (ALM) Credit risk for a single facility Credit risk for portfolios Operating risk Inter-risk diversification The Basel Committee Capital Accords The banking world is driven by risk. The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement shows you how to quantify that risk, outlining an integrated framework for risk measurement and management that is straightforward, practical for implementation, and based on the realities of today’s tumultuous global marketplace. “Banks make money in one of two ways: providing services to customers and taking risks. In this book, we address the business of making money by taking risk....”—From the Introduction In The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement, financial industry veteran Chris Marrison examines what banks must do to succeed in the business of making money by taking risk. Encompassing the three primary areas of banking risk—market, credit, and operational—and doing so in a uniquely intuitive, step-by-step format, Marrison provides hands-on details on the primary tools for financial risk measurement and management, including: Plain-English evaluation of specific risk measurement tools and techniques Use of Value at Risk (VaR) for assessment of market risk for trading operations Asset/liability management (ALM) techniques, transfer pricing, and managing market and liquidity risk The many available methods for analyzing portfolios of credit risks Using RAROC to compare the risk-adjusted profitability of businesses and price transactions In addition, woven throughout The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement are principles underlying the regulatory capital requirements of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, and what banks must do to understand and implement them. The requirements are defined, implications of the New Capital Accord are presented, and the major steps that a bank must take to implement the New Accord are discussed. The resulting thumbnail sketch of the Basel Committee, and specifically the New Capital Accord, is valuable as both a ready reference and a foundation for further study of this important initiative. Risk is unavoidable in the financial industry. It can, however, be measured and managed to provide the greatest risk-adjusted return, and limit the negative impacts of risk to a bank’s shareholders as well as potential borrowers and lenders. The Fundamentals of Risk Management provides risk managers with an approach to risk-taking that is both informed and prudent, one that shows operations managers how to control risk exposures as it allows decision-making executives to direct resources to opportunities that are expected to create maximum return with minimum risk. The result is today’s most complete introduction to the business of risk, and a valuable reference for anyone from the floor trader to the officer in charge of overseeing the entire risk management operation. |
| alm meaning finance: Measuring and Managing Liquidity Risk Antonio Castagna, Francesco Fede, 2013-09-03 A fully up-to-date, cutting-edge guide to the measurement and management of liquidity risk Written for front and middle office risk management and quantitative practitioners, this book provides the ground-level knowledge, tools, and techniques for effective liquidity risk management. Highly practical, though thoroughly grounded in theory, the book begins with the basics of liquidity risks and, using examples pulled from the recent financial crisis, how they manifest themselves in financial institutions. The book then goes on to look at tools which can be used to measure liquidity risk, discussing risk monitoring and the different models used, notably financial variables models, credit variables models, and behavioural variables models, and then at managing these risks. As well as looking at the tools necessary for effective measurement and management, the book also looks at and discusses current regulation and the implication of new Basel regulations on management procedures and tools. |
| alm meaning finance: Financial Modeling, Actuarial Valuation and Solvency in Insurance Mario V. Wüthrich, Michael Merz, 2013-04-04 Risk management for financial institutions is one of the key topics the financial industry has to deal with. The present volume is a mathematically rigorous text on solvency modeling. Currently, there are many new developments in this area in the financial and insurance industry (Basel III and Solvency II), but none of these developments provides a fully consistent and comprehensive framework for the analysis of solvency questions. Merz and Wüthrich combine ideas from financial mathematics (no-arbitrage theory, equivalent martingale measure), actuarial sciences (insurance claims modeling, cash flow valuation) and economic theory (risk aversion, probability distortion) to provide a fully consistent framework. Within this framework they then study solvency questions in incomplete markets, analyze hedging risks, and study asset-and-liability management questions, as well as issues like the limited liability options, dividend to shareholder questions, the role of re-insurance, etc. This work embeds the solvency discussion (and long-term liabilities) into a scientific framework and is intended for researchers as well as practitioners in the financial and actuarial industry, especially those in charge of internal risk management systems. Readers should have a good background in probability theory and statistics, and should be familiar with popular distributions, stochastic processes, martingales, etc. |
| alm meaning finance: Guidelines for Public Debt Management -- Amended International Monetary Fund, World Bank, 2003-09-12 NULL |
| alm meaning finance: MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MEERA SHARMA, 2008-05-27 Written in a highly readable style, this book provides in-depth coverage of the concepts of management of financial institutions, focusing primarily on the banking sector and risk management. Divided into five parts, the text first looks at the framework of the Indian financial sector and examines the significance of various financial intermediaries. It then moves on to explain in detail the products and financial statements of banks and their methods of performance analysis. The book exposes the students to various risks faced by financial institutions and elaborates on the process of risk management. It analyzes the regulatory framework for financial institutions and discusses their capital management with emphasis on both the first and second Basel accords. In addition, the text provides a thorough exposition of the Indian banking industry in the light of latest trends, data and RBI regulations. KEY FEATURES Facilitates easy understanding of theory with the help of a number of figures, tables, graphs and worked-out examples. Highlights the key concepts in boxes throughout the text. Incorporates chapter-end questions and problems, case studies and computer-based exercises to help students master the concepts. This book is designed for a course in Management of Financial Institutions, offered to postgraduate students of management programmes (Finance and Banking) and commerce. It will also be useful to practising bankers and risk managers. |
| alm meaning finance: Risk-sensitive Investment Management Mark H A Davis, Sebastien Lleo, 2014-07-21 Over the last two decades, risk-sensitive control has evolved into an innovative and successful framework for solving dynamically a wide range of practical investment management problems.This book shows how to use risk-sensitive investment management to manage portfolios against an investment benchmark, with constraints, and with assets and liabilities. It also addresses model implementation issues in parameter estimation and numerical methods. Most importantly, it shows how to integrate jump-diffusion processes which are crucial to model market crashes.With its emphasis on the interconnection between mathematical techniques and real-world problems, this book will be of interest to both academic researchers and money managers. Risk-sensitive investment management links stochastic control and portfolio management. Because of its distinct emphasis on integrating advanced theoretical concepts into practical dynamic investment management tools, this book stands out from the existing literature in fundamental ways. It goes beyond mainstream research in portfolio management in a traditional static setting. The theoretical developments build on contemporary research in stochastic control theory, but are informed throughout by the need to construct an effective and practical framework for dynamic portfolio management.This book fills a gap in the literature by connecting mathematical techniques with the real world of investment management. Readers seeking to solve key problems such as benchmarked asset management or asset and liability management will certainly find it useful. |
| alm meaning finance: Managing Climate Risk in the U.S. Financial System Leonardo Martinez-Diaz, Jesse M. Keenan, 2020-09-09 This publication serves as a roadmap for exploring and managing climate risk in the U.S. financial system. It is the first major climate publication by a U.S. financial regulator. The central message is that U.S. financial regulators must recognize that climate change poses serious emerging risks to the U.S. financial system, and they should move urgently and decisively to measure, understand, and address these risks. Achieving this goal calls for strengthening regulators’ capabilities, expertise, and data and tools to better monitor, analyze, and quantify climate risks. It calls for working closely with the private sector to ensure that financial institutions and market participants do the same. And it calls for policy and regulatory choices that are flexible, open-ended, and adaptable to new information about climate change and its risks, based on close and iterative dialogue with the private sector. At the same time, the financial community should not simply be reactive—it should provide solutions. Regulators should recognize that the financial system can itself be a catalyst for investments that accelerate economic resilience and the transition to a net-zero emissions economy. Financial innovations, in the form of new financial products, services, and technologies, can help the U.S. economy better manage climate risk and help channel more capital into technologies essential for the transition. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5247742 |
| alm meaning finance: Economic Capital Pieter Klaassen, Idzard van Eeghen, 2009-05-28 Managers can deploy and manage economic capital more effectively when they understand how their decisions add value to their organizations. Economic Capital: How It Works and What Every Manager Needs to Know presents new ways to define, measure, and implement management strategies by using recent examples, many from the sub-prime crisis. The authors also discuss the role of economic capital within the broader context of management responsibilities and activities as well as its relation to other risk management tools that are available to the modern risk manager. - Explains ways to use economic capital in balancing risk and return - Evaluates solutions to problems encountered in establishing an economic capital framework - Emphasizes intuition - Draws special attention to embedding risk modelling approaches within economic capital frameworks |
| alm meaning finance: Handbook of ALM in Banking Andreas Bohn, Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing, 2014 In recent years, there has been increased focus on the universal banking model as well as new regulations focusing on asset and liability management (ALM) practices. In an environment of low interest rates and expansionary monetary policy, there is increased competition around loan and deposit businesses, as well as moves to integrate trading book assets and liabilities into the ALM framework. Consequently, ALM is at the top of banks agendas. Edited by industry experts Andreas Bohn and Marije Elkenbracht-Huizing, The Handbook of ALM in Banking brings together key contributions from those implementing new ALM frameworks in light of these latest developments. The book examines the intricacies of loans and deposits in the context of revisions to statutory deposit protection schemes. It also assesses the demands on banks liquidity reserves and collateral, as well as funding implications. The increased regulatory focus on earnings at risk and on capital and balance sheet consumption is also under the spotlight, with the book clarifying issues on funds transfer pricing, capital management and balance sheet requirements. The Handbook of ALM in Banking provides a full overview of methods and methodologies being applied in cutting-edge ALM management. This book is a must-read for ALM managers, risk managers, balance sheet managers, accountants, treasurers. |
| alm meaning finance: Understanding Financial Interconnectedness International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department, International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department, International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept., 2010-04-10 This paper seeks to advance our understanding of global financial interconnectedness by (i) mapping aspects of the architecture of global finance and (ii) investigating critical fault lines related to interconnectedness along which systemic risks were built up and shocks transmitted in the crisis. It thus takes initial steps toward operationalizing enhanced financial sector and macro-financial surveillance called for by the IMF’s Executive Board and by experts such as de Larosiere et al. (2009). Getting a better handle on interconnectedness would strengthen the Fund‘s ability, together with the Financial Stability Board, to track systemic risk concentrations. It would also inform spillover and vulnerability analyses, and sharpen bilateral and multilateral surveillance. |
| alm meaning finance: Risk Management Implementation and Solutions for Islamic Banking and Finance Omar Masood, Kiran Javaria, 2018-08 Islamic finance is a growing part of the global financial sector. The risks faced by Islamic banks are real, and how well they mitigate them will determine their future. This book answers questions regarding how Islamic Financial Institutions should focus on their risk management practices and the necessary solutions and policy implementation tactics. It also analyses the risk mitigation techniques Islamic institutions are putting to use, looking at different Islamic banks from across the world to investigate their strategies and solutions. Among the topics discussed here are the implementation and outcomes of Basel III, practical enterprise risk management practices, liquidity risk management, and the success story of the global takaful industry. |
| alm meaning finance: Islamic Economics and Finance Muhammad Akram Khan, Tony Watson, 2003-07-17 This fully updated and revised glossary introduces terms used by Muslim scholars, historians and legal experts, from Arabic, Urdu, Turkish, Malaysian and English sources and Islamic banking, taxation, insurance, accounting, and auditing. |
| alm meaning finance: The Repo Handbook Moorad Choudhry, 2010-04-06 The Repo Handbook, 2nd edition presents an overview of repo vehicles and markets with sufficient depth for those seeking detailed explanations. In three parts it demonstrates how these secured loans fit into global capital markets and why they account for up to 50% of daily settlement activity in non-US government bonds worldwide. This new edition replaces old examples and introduces new developments, such as structured finance repo and associated topics such as Basel II regulatory rules. In addition, 12 of 18 chapters feature new sections and 4 have been substantially rewritten. The UK gilt and US Treasury repo markets are explored through worked examples, and there are new sections on funding arbitrage trades, risk exposures, and regulatory capital. It also places repo in context within bank asset-liability management and trading techniques, illustrating repo use across a wide range of applications in the global money markets. Rarely mentioned in the financial press because of the simple, straightforward nature of the instrument, repo was often the only funding source available to banks during the last quarter of 2008 and the first in 2009. This book, written by a trader, will draw new attention to this valuable and efficient funding and investment product. * Describes repo instruments, which appeal to market participants because of their simplicity and malleability * Explains the institutional treatment of repos, especially in terms of risk, accounting, tax and legal issues, and equity repo * Details the government bond basis, implied repo rate, and basis trading |
| alm meaning finance: Encyclopedia of Finance Cheng-Few Lee, 2006-07-27 This is a major new reference work covering all aspects of finance. Coverage includes finance (financial management, security analysis, portfolio management, financial markets and instruments, insurance, real estate, options and futures, international finance) and statistical applications in finance (applications in portfolio analysis, option pricing models and financial research). The project is designed to attract both an academic and professional market. It also has an international approach to ensure its maximum appeal. The Editors' wish is that the readers will find the encyclopedia to be an invaluable resource. |
| alm meaning finance: Credit Engineering for Bankers Morton Glantz, Johnathan Mun, 2010-11-25 More efficient credit portfolio engineering can increase the decision-making power of bankers and boost the market value of their banks. By implementing robust risk management procedures, bankers can develop comprehensive views of obligors by integrating fundamental and market data into a portfolio framework that treats all instruments similarly. Banks that can implement strategies for uncovering credit risk investments with the highest return per unit of risk can confidently build their businesses. Through chapters on fundamental analysis and credit administration, authors Morton Glantz and Johnathan Mun teach readers how to improve their credit skills and develop logical decision-making processes. As readers acquire new abilities to calculate risks and evaluate portfolios, they learn how credit risk strategies and policies can affect and be affected by credit ratings and global exposure tracking systems. The result is a book that facilitates the discipline of market-oriented portfolio management in the face of unending changes in the financial industry. - Concentrates on the practical implementation of credit engineering strategies and tools - Demonstrates how bankers can use portfolio analytics to increase their insights about different groups of obligors - Investigates ways to improve a portfolio's return on risk while minimizing probability of insolvency |
| alm meaning finance: Optimization Methods in Finance Gerard Cornuejols, Reha Tütüncü, 2006-12-21 Optimization models play an increasingly important role in financial decisions. This is the first textbook devoted to explaining how recent advances in optimization models, methods and software can be applied to solve problems in computational finance more efficiently and accurately. Chapters discussing the theory and efficient solution methods for all major classes of optimization problems alternate with chapters illustrating their use in modeling problems of mathematical finance. The reader is guided through topics such as volatility estimation, portfolio optimization problems and constructing an index fund, using techniques such as nonlinear optimization models, quadratic programming formulations and integer programming models respectively. The book is based on Master's courses in financial engineering and comes with worked examples, exercises and case studies. It will be welcomed by applied mathematicians, operational researchers and others who work in mathematical and computational finance and who are seeking a text for self-learning or for use with courses. |
| alm meaning finance: Risk Management for Central Bank Foreign Reserves European Central Bank, 2004 |
| alm meaning finance: Thailand International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department, 2019-10-07 This Financial System Stability Assessment paper on Thailand highlights that assets of the insurance and mutual fund sectors have doubled as a share of gross domestic product over the last decade, and capital markets are largely on par with regional peers. The report discusses significant slowdown in China and advanced economies, a sharp rise in risk premia, and entrenched low inflation would adversely impact the financial system. Stress tests results suggest that the banking sector is resilient to severe shocks and that systemic and contagion risks stemming from interlinkages are limited. Financial system oversight is generally strong, but the operational independence of supervisory agencies can be strengthened further. The operational independence of supervisory agencies can be strengthened further by reducing the involvement of the Ministry of Finance in prudential issues and ensuring that each agency has full control over decisions that lie within its areas of responsibility. |
| alm meaning finance: The Moorad Choudhry Anthology, + Website Moorad Choudhry, 2018-07-18 The definitive and timeless guide to the principles of banking and finance, addressing and meeting the challenges of competition, strategy, regulation and the digital age. Moorad Choudhry Anthology compiles the best of renowned author Professor Moorad Choudhry's incisive writings on financial markets and bank risk management, together with new material that reflects the legislative changes in the post-crisis world of finance and the impact of digitization and global competition. Covering the developments and principles of banking from the 1950s to today, this unique book outlines the author's recommended best practices in all aspects of bank strategy, governance and risk management, including asset-liability management, liquidity risk management, capital planning, Treasury risk, and corporate framework, and describes a vision of the future with respect to a sustainable bank business model. You will gain the insight of a global authority on topics essential to retail, corporate, and investment/wholesale banking, including strategy, risk appetite, funding policies, regulatory requirements, valuation, and much more. The companion website is a goldmine for senior practitioners that provides templates that can applied in virtually any bank, including policy documents, pricing models, committee terms of reference, teaching aids and learning tools including PowerPoint slides and spreadsheet models. These facilitate a deeper understanding of the subject and the requirements of the senior executive, making this book an ideal companion for practitioners, graduate students and professional students alike. The intense demand for knowledge and expertise in asset-liability management, liquidity, and capital management has been driven by the regulatory challenges of Basel III, the European Union’s CRDIV, the Volcker Rule, Dodd-Frank Act, and a myriad of other new regulations. This book meets that need by providing you with a complete background and modern insight on every aspect of bank risk management. Re-engage with timeless principles of finance that apply in every market and which are the drivers of principles of risk management Learn strategic asset liability management practices that suit today's economic environment Adopt new best practices for liquidity models and choosing the appropriate liquidity risk management framework Examine optimum capital and funding model recommendations for corporate, retail, and investment/wholesale banks Dig deeper into derivatives risk management, balance sheet capital management, funding policy, and more Apply best-practice corporate governance frameworks that ensure a perpetual and viable robust balance sheet Adopt strategy formulation principles that reflect the long-term imperative of the banking business In the 21st century more than ever banks need to re-learn traditional risk management principles and apply them every day. Every bank in the world needs to be up to speed on these issues, and Anthology from Professor Moorad Choudhry is the answer to this new global policy response. |
| alm meaning finance: Risk Analysis for Islamic Banks Hennie van Greuning, Zamir Iqbal, 2008 Islamic finance is emerging as a rapidly growing part of the financial sector in the Islamic world and is not restricted to Islamic countries, but is spreading wherever there is a sizable Muslim community. According to some estimates, more than 250 financial institutions in over 45 countries practice some form of Islamic finance, and the industry has been growing at a rate of more than 15 percent annually for the past several years. The market's current annual turnover is estimated to be $70 billion, compared with a mere $5 billion in 1985, and is projected to hit the $100 billion mark by the turn of the century. Since the emergence of Islamic banks in the early 1970s, considerable research has been conducted, mainly focusing on the viability, design and operations of a deposit-accepting financial institution, which operates primarily on the basis of profit and loss partnerships rather than interest. This publication provides a comprehensive overview of topics related to the assessment, analysis, and management of various types of risks in the field of Islamic banking. It is an attempt to provide a high-level framework (aimed at non-specialist executives) attuned to the current realities of changing economies and Islamic financial markets. This approach emphasizes the accountability of key players in the corporate governance process in relation to the management of different dimensions of Islamic financial risk. |
| alm meaning finance: PEFA, Public Financial Management, and Good Governance Jens Kromann Kristensen, Martin Bowen, Cathal Long, Shakira Mustapha, Urška Zrinski, 2019-11-24 This project, based on the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) data set, researched how PEFA can be used to shape policy development in public financial management (PFM) and other major relevant policy areas such as anticorruption, revenue mobilization, political economy analysis, and fragile states. The report explores what shapes the PFM system in low- and middle-income countries by examining the relationship between political institutions and the quality of the PFM system. Although the report finds some evidence that multiple political parties in control of the legislature is associated with better PFM performance, the report finds the need to further refine and test the theories on the relationship between political institutions and PFM. The report addresses the question of the outcomes of PFM systems, distinguishing between fragile and nonfragile states. It finds that better PFM performance is associated with more reliable budgets in terms of expenditure composition in fragile states, but not aggregate budget credibility. Moreover, in contrast to existing studies, it finds no evidence that PFM quality matters for deficit and debt ratios, irrespective of whether a country is fragile or not. The report also explores the relationship between perceptions of corruption and PFM performance. It finds strong evidence of a relationship between better PFM performance and improvements in perceptions of corruption. It also finds that PFM reforms associated with better controls have a stronger relationship with improvements in perceptions of corruption compared to PFM reforms associated with more transparency. The last chapter looks at the relationship between PEFA indicators for revenue administration and domestic resource mobilization. It focuses on the credible use of penalties for noncompliance as a proxy for the type of political commitment required to improve tax performance. The analysis shows that countries that credibly enforce penalties for noncompliance collect more taxes on average. |
| alm meaning finance: Pricing and Hedging Interest and Credit Risk Sensitive Instruments Frank Skinner, 2004-10-29 This book is tightly focused on the pricing and hedging of fixed income securities and their derivatives. It is targeted at those who are interested in trading these instruments in an investment bank, but is also useful for those responsible for monitoring compliance of the traders such as regulators, back office staff, middle and senior lever managers. To broaden its appeal, this book lowers the barriers to learning by keeping math to a minimum and by illustrating concepts through detailed numerical examples using Excel workbooks/spreadsheets on a CD with the book. On the accompanying CD with the book, three interest rate models are illustrated: Ho and Lee, constant volatility and Black Derman and Toy, along with two evolutionary models, Vasicek and CIR and two credit risk models, Jarrow and Turnbull and Duffie and Singleton. These are implemented via spreadsheets on the CD.* Starts at an introductory level and then develops advanced topics * Provides plenty of numerical examples rather than mathematical equations to aid full understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of all interest rate derivative models* Can be used for self-study - a complete book on the topic, which includes examples with answers |
| alm meaning finance: Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions Rajesh Kumar, 2014-07-16 How and why do strategic perspectives of financial institutions differ by class and region? Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions: Theories and Cases is an introduction to global financial institutions that presents both theoretical and actual aspects of markets and institutions. The book encompasses depository and non-depository Institutions; money markets, bond markets, and mortgage markets; stock markets, derivative markets, and foreign exchange markets; mutual funds, insurance, and pension funds; and private equity and hedge funds. It also addresses Islamic financing and consolidation in financial institutions and markets. Featuring up-to-date case studies in its second half, Strategies of Banks and Other Financial Institutions proposes a useful theoretical framework and strategic perspectives about risk, regulation, markets, and challenges driving the financial sectors. - Describes theories and practices that define classes of institutions and differentiate one financial institution from another - Presents short, focused treatments of risk and growth strategies by balancing theories and cases - Places Islamic banking and finance into a comprehensive, universal perspective |
| alm meaning finance: Sovereign Asset and Liability Management in Emerging Market Countries: The Case of Uruguay André Amante, Phillip Anderson, Thordur Jonasson, Herman Kamil, Mr.Michael G. Papaioannou, 2019-12-27 This paper provides an overview of the strategic and operational issues as well as institutional challenges, related to the implementation of the Sovereign Asset and Liability Management (SALM) approach. Application of an SALM framework allows the authorities to identify and monitor sovereign exposure mismatches; increase resilience to foreign currency and interest rate risks; and thus, strengthen financial stability; and implement more cost-effective management of the public-sector debt. The analysis is based on emerging market (EM) countries and illustrated by the experience of Uruguay, using data as of end-2017. |
| alm meaning finance: Financing Metropolitan Governments in Developing Countries Roy W. Bahl, Johannes F. Linn, Deborah L. Wetzel, 2013 The economic activity that drives growth in developing countries is heavily concentrated in cities. Catchphrases such as “metropolitan areas are the engines that pull the national economy” turn out to be fairly accurate. But the same advantages of metropolitan areas that draw investment also draw migrants who need jobs and housing, lead to demands for better infrastructure and social services, and result in increased congestion, environmental harm, and social problems. The challenges for metropolitan public finance are to capture a share of the economic growth to adequately finance new and growing expenditures and to organize governance so that services can be delivered in a cost-effective way, giving the local population a voice in fiscal decision making. At the same time, care must be taken to avoid overregulation and overtaxation, which will hamper the now quite mobile economic engine of private investment and entrepreneurial initiative. Metropolitan planning has become a reality in most large urban areas, even though the planning agencies are often ineffective in moving things forward and in linking their plans with the fiscal and financial realities of metropolitan government. A growing number of success stories in metropolitan finance and management, together with accumulated experience and proper efforts and support, could be extended to a broader array of forward-looking programs to address the growing public service needs of metropolitan-area populations. Nevertheless, sweeping metropolitan-area fiscal reforms have been few and far between; the urban policy reform agenda is still a long one; and there is a reasonable prospect that closing the gaps between what we know how to do and what is actually being done will continue to be difficult and slow. This book identifies the most important issues in metropolitan governance and finance in developing countries, describes the practice, explores the gap between practice and what theory suggests should be done, and lays out the reform paths that might be considered. Part of the solution will rest in rethinking expenditure assignments and instruments of finance. The “right” approach also will depend on the flexibility of political leaders to relinquish some control in order to find a better solution to the metropolitan finance problem. |
| alm meaning finance: NCUA Examiner's Guide United States. National Credit Union Administration, 1997 |
| alm meaning finance: Essentials of Managing Treasury Karen A. Horcher, 2011-01-11 ESSENTIALS OF MANAGING TREASURY Treasury is the financial hub of an organization-a hub with many spokes. This concise reference describes each functional area within treasury and includes guidelines for best practices and revelant technologies. With tips and techniques, it provides a practical overview of treasury and its relationship to every part of an organization. Karen Horcher enjoys a well-earned reputation as an expert in her field, having both written and taught financial seminars for the Treasury Management Association of Canada (TMAC) for the past seven years. Her many years of experience as a front-line banker lend credibility to her work. Karen is justly appreciated for her ability to make complex financial concepts easy to understand. -Blair McRobie, Executive Director Treasury Management Association of Canada Essentials of Managing Treasury provides an excellent perspective on the history, breadth, and current trends in treasury management. The reader can quickly grasp the 'real world of treasury management' and the practical and strategic issues faced by treasurers and financial professionals today. -Brian McArthur, Vice President Treasury Management, Royal Bank Financial Group The Wiley Essentials Series-because the business world is always changing...and so should you. |
| alm meaning finance: The Almanack of Naval Ravikant: A Guide to Wealth and Happiness Eric Jorgenson, 2022-12 This isn't a how-to book, or a step-by-step gimmick. Instead, through Naval's own words, you will learn how to walk your own unique path toward a happier, wealthier life. |
| alm meaning finance: Principles of Financial Engineering Robert Kosowski, Salih N. Neftci, 2014-11-26 Principles of Financial Engineering, Third Edition, is a highly acclaimed text on the fast-paced and complex subject of financial engineering. This updated edition describes the engineering elements of financial engineering instead of the mathematics underlying it. It shows how to use financial tools to accomplish a goal rather than describing the tools themselves. It lays emphasis on the engineering aspects of derivatives (how to create them) rather than their pricing (how they act) in relation to other instruments, the financial markets, and financial market practices. This volume explains ways to create financial tools and how the tools work together to achieve specific goals. Applications are illustrated using real-world examples. It presents three new chapters on financial engineering in topics ranging from commodity markets to financial engineering applications in hedge fund strategies, correlation swaps, structural models of default, capital structure arbitrage, contingent convertibles, and how to incorporate counterparty risk into derivatives pricing. Poised midway between intuition, actual events, and financial mathematics, this book can be used to solve problems in risk management, taxation, regulation, and above all, pricing. A solutions manual enhances the text by presenting additional cases and solutions to exercises. This latest edition of Principles of Financial Engineering is ideal for financial engineers, quantitative analysts in banks and investment houses, and other financial industry professionals. It is also highly recommended to graduate students in financial engineering and financial mathematics programs. - The Third Edition presents three new chapters on financial engineering in commodity markets, financial engineering applications in hedge fund strategies, correlation swaps, structural models of default, capital structure arbitrage, contingent convertibles and how to incorporate counterparty risk into derivatives pricing, among other topics - Additions, clarifications, and illustrations throughout the volume show these instruments at work instead of explaining how they should act - The solutions manual enhances the text by presenting additional cases and solutions to exercises |
| alm meaning finance: An Introduction to Risk Management Neil Crockford, 1986 |
