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Delving Deep: A Comprehensive Guide to Labeled Membranes
Introduction:
Have you ever wondered about the intricate, almost invisible world that governs the very essence of life? We're talking about membranes – the incredibly versatile and essential structures that compartmentalize cells, regulate transport, and orchestrate countless biological processes. From the smallest bacteria to the largest whales, life as we know it depends on these dynamic barriers. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the fascinating world of labeled membranes, exploring their structure, function, types, applications, and future potential. We'll uncover the mysteries behind their labeling techniques, highlight their crucial role in various scientific fields, and address common questions surrounding this vital area of biological research. Get ready to embark on a journey into the microcosm!
1. Understanding Membrane Structure: The Fluid Mosaic Model
The foundation of any discussion about labeled membranes lies in understanding their fundamental structure. The widely accepted Fluid Mosaic Model describes membranes as a dynamic, fluid bilayer of phospholipids. These amphipathic molecules, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, spontaneously arrange themselves to form a stable barrier. Interspersed within this lipid bilayer are various proteins, cholesterol molecules, and glycolipids, each playing a crucial role in membrane function. The fluidity of the membrane is essential, allowing for movement and flexibility, crucial for processes like cell signaling and transport. The composition of the membrane, specifically the types and proportions of lipids and proteins, varies significantly depending on the cell type and its function. This variation is precisely what makes labeling techniques so critical for studying specific membrane components.
2. The Importance of Membrane Labeling Techniques
To study the complex processes occurring at the membrane, scientists employ a variety of labeling techniques. These methods allow researchers to visualize, isolate, and analyze specific membrane components. Common techniques include:
Fluorescent labeling: Using fluorescent dyes or proteins (like GFP) to attach to specific molecules within the membrane, making them visible under a fluorescence microscope. This allows for real-time observation of membrane dynamics.
Immunofluorescence: Utilizing antibodies tagged with fluorescent markers to identify and locate specific proteins within the membrane. This technique is powerful for studying the distribution and interactions of membrane proteins.
Radioactive labeling: Employing radioactive isotopes to trace the movement and fate of specific molecules within the membrane. This approach is useful for studying transport processes and metabolic pathways.
Chemical labeling: Using specific chemical reagents to modify and tag particular components of the membrane, facilitating their isolation and analysis. This allows for detailed biochemical characterization of the membrane.
3. Types of Labeled Membranes and Their Applications
The application of labeled membranes spans a vast range of scientific disciplines. The type of labeling and the specific membrane components targeted are crucial for the success of the research. Here are some examples:
Labeled cell membranes: Studying cell signaling pathways, receptor-ligand interactions, and membrane trafficking.
Labeled mitochondrial membranes: Investigating mitochondrial function, oxidative phosphorylation, and apoptosis.
Labeled liposomes: Utilizing artificial lipid vesicles as drug delivery vehicles, studying membrane fusion, and modeling biological membranes.
Labeled synthetic membranes: Creating biomimetic systems for studying membrane protein function and developing new biosensors.
4. Advancements and Future Directions in Labeled Membrane Research
The field of labeled membrane research is continuously evolving. Advancements in microscopy techniques, like super-resolution microscopy, are providing increasingly detailed images of membrane structures and dynamics. The development of new labeling technologies, such as click chemistry and genetically encoded tags, is expanding the scope and sensitivity of membrane studies. Future research will likely focus on:
Understanding the role of membrane heterogeneity: Exploring the functional implications of the complex organization and spatial distribution of membrane components.
Developing novel drug delivery systems: Utilizing labeled membranes to improve the targeting and efficacy of therapeutic agents.
Engineering artificial membranes: Creating biomimetic systems for various applications, including biosensing and biofuel cells.
5. Conclusion: The Enduring Significance of Labeled Membranes
Labeled membranes are indispensable tools in the life sciences. Their study continues to unravel the complexities of cellular function, disease mechanisms, and the very nature of life itself. The ongoing development of new labeling techniques and the application of advanced imaging methodologies promise to unlock even greater insights into this fascinating and vital area of research. The ability to visualize, analyze, and manipulate specific membrane components is essential for advancing our understanding of biological processes and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
Article Outline: "Labeled Membranes: A Deep Dive"
Introduction: Hooking the reader and providing an overview.
Chapter 1: Membrane Structure and Function: Detailed explanation of the Fluid Mosaic Model and the roles of lipids, proteins, and cholesterol.
Chapter 2: Membrane Labeling Techniques: In-depth discussion of various labeling methods (fluorescent, immunofluorescence, radioactive, chemical).
Chapter 3: Applications of Labeled Membranes: Exploring the uses across different fields, including cell biology, drug delivery, and bioengineering.
Chapter 4: Future Directions and Advancements: Discussing ongoing research and potential future applications.
Conclusion: Summarizing key findings and emphasizing the importance of labeled membrane research.
(Detailed explanations for each chapter would follow here, expanding on the points already made in the main article.)
FAQs:
1. What is the Fluid Mosaic Model? It's a model describing the structure of cell membranes as a dynamic bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins and other molecules.
2. Why is membrane fluidity important? Fluidity allows for membrane flexibility, protein movement, and various cellular processes.
3. What are the advantages of fluorescent labeling? It enables real-time visualization of membrane components under a microscope.
4. How does immunofluorescence work? It uses fluorescently tagged antibodies to identify specific proteins within the membrane.
5. What are liposomes used for? They are artificial lipid vesicles used as drug delivery systems and research tools.
6. What is the significance of membrane heterogeneity? It suggests functional specialization within different membrane domains.
7. How can labeled membranes contribute to drug development? They aid in creating targeted drug delivery systems and studying drug-membrane interactions.
8. What are some emerging techniques in membrane labeling? Click chemistry and genetically encoded tags are examples.
9. What are biomimetic membranes? These are artificial membranes designed to mimic the structure and function of biological membranes.
Related Articles:
1. Membrane Transport Mechanisms: An exploration of passive and active transport across cell membranes.
2. Cell Membrane Receptors: A detailed look at the role of membrane receptors in cell signaling.
3. Membrane Protein Structure and Function: A focus on the diverse functions of membrane proteins.
4. Lipid Rafts and Membrane Organization: An investigation into the specialized domains within cell membranes.
5. The Role of Cholesterol in Membrane Fluidity: A detailed analysis of cholesterol's influence on membrane properties.
6. Techniques for Analyzing Membrane Composition: A review of methods used to characterize membrane lipid and protein content.
7. Membrane Fusion and Vesicle Trafficking: A discussion of the processes involved in membrane fusion and transport.
8. Applications of Liposomes in Drug Delivery: A review of liposome-based drug delivery systems.
9. Bioengineering of Artificial Cell Membranes: An overview of methods for creating synthetic cell membranes.
| labeled membrane: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| labeled membrane: Structure and Function of Biological Membranes Lawrence I. Rothfield, 2014-06-28 Structure and Function of Biological Membranes explains the membrane phenomena at the molecular level through the use of biochemical and biophysical approaches. The book is an in-depth study of the structure and function of membranes. It is divided into three main parts. The first part provides an overview of the study of the biological membrane at the molecular level. Part II focuses on the detailed description of the overall molecular organization of membranes. The third part covers the relationship of the molecular organization of membranes to specific membrane functions; discusses catalytic membrane proteins; presents the role of membranes in important cellular functions; and looks at the membrane systems in eukaryotic cells. Biochemists, cell physiologists, biologists, researchers, and graduate and postdoctoral students in the field of biology will find the text a good reference material. |
| labeled membrane: Spin Labeling Lawrence J. Berliner, 2013-10-22 Spin Labeling: Theory and Applications covers the background, theory, and applications of spin labeling. The book starts by providing an introduction about electron spin resonance in biology and a reporter group technique of spin labelling. The text then describes the principles and theories of magnetic resonance; the theory of slow tumbling ESR spectra for nitroxides; and the influence of electron-electron interactions on the appearance of the electron resonance spectrum. The chemistry of spin labels; the molecular structures of nitroxides; the instrumental aspects of spin labeling; as well as the use of spin labels for studying the structure and function of enzymes are also considered. The book further discusses spin-label-induced nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation studies of enzymes; anisotropic motion in liquid crystalline structures; and the use of oriented lipid systems as model membranes. The text also looks into the application of lipid spin labels in biological membranes as well as the molecular motion in biological membranes. Chemists, molecular biologists, chemical physicists, people involved in the study of physical spectrometry, and graduate students taking related courses will find the book invaluable. |
| labeled membrane: Membrane Structure , 1981-01-01 Membrane Structure |
| labeled membrane: Isotope labeling in Biomolecular NMR Hanudatta S. Atreya, 2012-10-18 NMR spectroscopy has undergone a revolution in recent years with the advent of several new methods overcoming the problems of sensitivity and resolution. Recent developments in biotechnology have made it easier and economical to introduce 13C, 15N and 2H into proteins and nucleic acids. At the same time, there has been an explosion in the number of NMR experiments that utilize such isotope labeled samples. Thus, a combination of isotopic labeling and multidimensional, multinuclear NMR has opened up new avenues for structural studies of proteins, nucleic acids and their complexes. This book will focus on recent developments in isotope labeling methods for structural studies of small molecules, peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. The aim of the book is to serve as a compendium of isotope labeling for the biomolecular NMR community providing comprehensive coverage of the existing methods and latest developments along with protocols and practical hints on the various experimental aspects. The book will cover a wide range of topics in isotope labeling under one title including emerging areas of metabolonomics and solid state NMR. |
| labeled membrane: Membrane Nanodomains John R. Silvius, 2013 Many membranes in eukaryotic cells are inhomogeneous structures in which various membrane components are nonrandomly distributed, forming diverse types of 'domains.' Some membrane domains have long been well known, because they are sufficiently large, long-lived, and morphologically well defined to be characterized using classical microscopic and biochemical approaches. However, new technologies have revealed the presence in membranes of smaller, often highly dynamic 'nanodomains' that also play key roles in membrane function. Our current understanding of the diversity, the properties, and the functions of nanodomains is still very limited and, in some cases, controversial. Nonetheless, it is clear that many important aspects of membrane biology arise from features of membrane organization that 'play out' on spatial and temporal scales that are only now becoming experimentally accessible in living systems. In this book, we will discuss properties and interactions of membrane molecules that lead to nanodomain formation, new and emerging technologies by which nanodomains can be studied, and experimental examples that illustrate both highlights and current limitations of our present knowledge of the properties of membrane nanodomains in various cell types. |
| labeled membrane: Isotope Labeling of Biomolecules – Labeling Methods , 2015-11-26 Isotope Labeling of Biomolecules – Labeling Methods, the latest volume of the Methods in Enzymology series contains comprehensive information on stable isotope labeling methods and applications for biomolecules. - Contains contributions from leading authorities in the field of isotope labeling of biomolecules - Informs and updates on the latest developments in the field - Provides comprehensive information on stable isotope labeling methods and applications for biomolecules |
| labeled membrane: Biochemistry Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, 2010-11-16 The Gold Standard in Biochemistry text books, Biochemistry 4e, is a modern classic that has been thoroughly revised. Don and Judy Voet explain biochemical concepts while offering a unified presentation of life and its variation through evolution. Incorporates both classical and current research to illustrate the historical source of much of our biochemical knowledge. |
| labeled membrane: Molecular Biology of Membranes H.R. Petty, 2013-06-29 This text attempts to introduce the molecular biology of cell membranes to students and professionals of diverse backgrounds. Although several membrane biology books are available, they do not integrate recent knowledge gained using modern molecular tools with more traditional membrane topics. Molecular techniques, such as cDNA cloning and x-ray diffraction, have provided fresh insights into cell membrane structure and function. The great excitement today, which I attempt to convey in this book, is that molecular details are beginning to merge with physiological responses. In other words, we are beginning to understand precisely how membranes work. This textbook is appropriate for upper-level undergraduate or beginning graduate students. Readers should have previous or concurrent coursework in biochemistry; prior studies in elementary physiology would be helpful. I have found that the presentation of topics in this book is appropriate for students of biology, biochemistry, biophysics and physiology, chemistry, and medicine. This book will be useful in courses focusing on membranes and as a supplementary text in biochemistry courses. Professionals will also find this to be a useful resource book for their personal libraries. |
| labeled membrane: The Lymphocyte Marchalonis, 1987-11-24 |
| labeled membrane: Mobility and Proximity in Biological Membranes S. Damjanovich, 2018-01-18 Cell surface membranes have long been characterized as two-dimensional fluids whose mobile components are randomized by diffusion in the plane of the membrane bilayer. Recent research has indicated that cell surface membranes are highly organized and ordered and that important functional units of membranes appear as arrays of interacting molecules rather than as single, freely diffusing molecules. Mobility and Proximity in Biological Membranes provides an overview of the results obtained from biophysical methods for probing the organization of cell surface membranes. These results are presented in the context of detailed treatments of the theory and the technical demands of each of the methods. The book describes a versatile and easily applied mode for investigating molecular proximities in plasma membranes in a flow cytometer. Its analysis of lipid fluidity and viscosity of membranes and the rotational mobility of proteins offers intimate insight into the physical chemistry of biological membranes. The electrophysiology of lymphocytes is presented with focus on its importance in different diseases. New techniques are described, and new data, new possibilities, and future trends are presented by world experts. This book's chapters can serve both as guides to the existing literature and as starting points for new experiments and approaches associated with problems in membrane function. |
| labeled membrane: Behavioral Neuroscience Stéphane Gaskin, 2019-12-04 Behavioral Neuroscience: Essentials and Beyond shows students the basics of biological psychology using a modern and research-based perspective. With fresh coverage of applied topics and complex phenomena, including social neuroscience and consciousness, author Stéphane Gaskin delivers the most current research and developments surrounding the brain′s functions through student-centered pedagogy. Carefully crafted features introduce students to challenging biological and neuroscience-based concepts through illustrations of real-life application, exploring myths and misconceptions, and addressing students′ assumptions head on. |
| labeled membrane: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology M. Cooper, W. Henle, P. H. Hofschneider, H. Koprowski, F. Melchers, R. Rott, H. G. Schweiger, P. K. Vogt, R. Zinkernagel, 2012-12-06 |
| labeled membrane: Biophysical Chemistry Dagmar Klostermeier, Markus G. Rudolph, 2018-01-02 Biophysical Chemistry explores the concepts of physical chemistry and molecular structure that underlie biochemical processes. Ideally suited for undergradate students and scientists with backgrounds in physics, chemistry or biology, it is also equally accessible to students and scientists in related fields as the book concisely describes the fundamental aspects of biophysical chemistry, and puts them into a biochemical context. The book is organized in four parts, covering thermodynamics, kinetics, molecular structure and stability, and biophysical methods. Cross-references within and between these parts emphasize common themes and highlight recurrent principles. End of chapter problems illustrate the main points explored and their relevance for biochemistry, enabling students to apply their knowledge and to transfer it to laboratory projects. Features: Connects principles of physical chemistry to biochemistry Emphasizes the role of organic reactions as tools for modification and manipulation of biomolecules Includes a comprehensive section on the theory of modern biophysical methods and their applications |
| labeled membrane: Physical Methods on Biological Membranes and Their Model Systems F. Conti, 2012-12-06 |
| labeled membrane: Membrane Fusion Jan Wilschut, 2019-11-14 This balanced volume provides a broad and coherent overview of recent progress in membrane fusion research—highlighting an interdisciplinary treatment of the subject from the fields of biophysics, biochemistry, cell biology, virology, and biotechnology—in a single volume., Featuring easy-access sections on the general properties of membranes and applications of membrane fusion techniques, this valuable sourcebook outlines membrane structure, lipid polymorphism, and intermembrane forces ... covers membrane fusion in model systems ... presents the fusogenic properties of enveloped viruses ... discusses the fusion and flow of intracellular membranes and cell-cell fusion occurring during fertilization and myogenesis ... offers applications of membrane fusion techniques in cell-biological research and biotechnology ... and more. Supplying a comprehensive view of this exciting topic, Membrane Fusion is a working resource for molecular, cell, and membrane biologists; biophysicists; biochemists; virologists; biotechnologists; microbiologists; immunologists; physiologists; and graduate and medical school students in biophysics, biochemistry, physiology, virology, cell biology, and biotechnology. |
| labeled membrane: The Primate Ovary Richard Stouffer, 2013-03-09 This 1987 ORPRC Symposium on Primate Reproductive Biology, the third in a series, marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center (ORPRC). In organizing these symposia, we have emphasized the dedication of many ORPRC staff members to research with nonhuman primates as models for human reproduction. The first symposium in this series, organized by William Montagna, was held in May 1981. Appropriately for a beginning series, its topic was fetal endocrinology. The subject of this year's symposium was the primate ovary, and, as in the past, scientists from around the world, including Sweden, Scotland, England, West Germany, and India met in Beaverton, Oregon, to exchange ideas and information on this important aspect of reproduction. The international scope of the symposium reflects our belief that both the problems and their solutions extend beyond national boundaries. Many of the nonhuman primates that we rely on as models are endangered as civilization, through population pressure, encroaches on their natural habitats. Without a deeper understanding of how primate reproduction is regulated, and without the control over human population that such an understanding can bring, the quality of life for all primate species may well become substantially diminished. Consequently, we dedicate these symposia to the thesis that a deeper understanding of primate reproductive biology will ultimately improve all primate life. Robert M. Brenner Charles H. Phoenix vii PREFACE Today there is renewed interest in the processes controlling the gametogenic and endocrine functions of the ovary. |
| labeled membrane: Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors F. Clementi, D. Fornasari, C. Gotti, 2012-12-06 Neuronal nicotinic receptors are key molecules for signal transduction in a number of neuronal pathways. They are widely distributed in the brain and are known to be involved in cognitive tasks, including learning and memory, in smoking addiction and in several brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dementias, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. This book provides a comprehensive review of the field, starting with a historical perspective and dealing with the molecular structure of these receptors, their biophysical and pharmacological properties, their distribution in central and peripheral nervous systems, and their major involvement in brain functions. Particular emphasis is paid to drugs (both new and old) that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving neuronal nicotinic receptors. Finally, the relevance of these receptors in smoking addiction is carefully evaluated, together with future trends and the latest results. |
| labeled membrane: Membrane Biophysics Hongda Wang, Guohui Li, 2017-11-21 This book highlights recent advances in and diverse techniques for exploring the plasma membrane’s structure and function. It starts with two chapters reviewing the history of membrane research and listing recent advances regarding membrane structure, such as the semi-mosaic model for red blood cell membranes and the protein layer-lipid-protein island model for nucleated tissue cell membranes. It subsequently focuses on the localization and interactions of membrane components, dynamic processes of membrane transport and transmembrane signal transduction. Classic and cutting-edge techniques (e.g. high-resolution atomic force microscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy) used in biophysics and chemistry are presented in a very comprehensive manner, making them useful and accessible to both researchers in the field and novices studying cell membranes. This book provides readers a deeper understanding of the plasma membrane’s organization at the single molecule level and opens a new way to reveal the relationship between the membrane’s structure and functions, making it essential reading for researchers in various fields. |
| labeled membrane: Muscular Dystrophy Therapeutics Rika Maruyama, Toshifumi Yokota, 2022-11-18 This detailed book presents a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art protocols on muscular dystrophy therapeutics, covering therapeutics using antisense oligonucleotides, gene replacement, genome editing, small molecules, stem cells, and antibodies. Written by leaders in the field, the volume explores techniques that are currently in use and are starting an exciting therapeutic revolution in muscular dystrophy. As a part of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Muscular Dystrophy Therapeutics: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal resource to inspire readers and provide tips, strategies, and advice to develop new therapeutic technologies for this group of diseases. |
| labeled membrane: Ciliary and Flagellar Membranes R.A. Bloodgood, 2013-03-07 A volume entirely devoted to the nonaxonemal structures and functions of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. The fifteen chapters cover a wide spectrum of organisms (from protozoa and algae to birds and mammals) and an equally wide spectrum of topics (from sexual interactions in the algae to the binding |
| labeled membrane: Protein Turnover and Lysosome Function Harold L. Segal, Darrell J. Doyle, 2014-06-28 Protein Turnover and Lysosome Function comprises the proceedings of a symposium under the same title held at the State University of New York at Buffalo on August 21-26, 1977. The book discusses mechanisms of protein turnover, as well as the identification and characterization of intracellular proteases. The text also describes the internalization of macromolecules into the intracellular digestive system; the types of specificity entailed; and the fate of the membrane material involved in the vacuolization process. Biochemists, pathologists, cell biologists, molecular biologists, and physiologists will find the book invaluable. |
| labeled membrane: Army Research and Development , 1970 |
| labeled membrane: Army RD & A. , 1970 |
| labeled membrane: Army RD & A Bulletin , 1970 |
| labeled membrane: Photogenerated Reagents in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology H. Bayley, 2000-04-01 This volume is an extended account of a group of techniques that have seen their importance realized in almost all areas of biochemistry. The book provides detailed description of the properties and syntheses of the most useful photoactivatable reagents as well as comprehensive and critical descriptions of the major experiments that can be performed with photochemical reagents, affinity labelling, cross-linking of macromolecules and topographical analyses of membrane proteins. |
| labeled membrane: Advances in Parasitology , 2006-10-06 First published in 1963, Advances in Parasitology contains comprehensive and up-to-date reviews in all areas of interest in contemporary parasitology. Advances in Parasitology includes medical studies on parasites of major influence, such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosomes. The series also contains reviews of more traditional areas, such as zoology, taxonomy, and life history, which shape current thinking and applications. Eclectic volumes are supplemented by thematic volumes on various topics including Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology and The Evolution of Parasitism – a phylogenetic persepective.With an impact factor of 3.9 the series ranks second in the ISI Parasitology subject category. |
| labeled membrane: Fluorescent Analogs of Biomolecular Building Blocks Marcus Wilhelmsson, Yitzhak Tor, 2016-04-04 Fluorescent Analogs of Biomolecular Building Blocks focuses on the design of fluorescent probes for the four major families of macromolecular building blocks. Compiling the expertise of multiple authors, this book moves from introductory chapters to an exploration of the design, synthesis, and implementation of new fluorescent analogues of biomolecular building blocks, including examples of small-molecule fluorophores and sensors that are part of biomolecular assemblies. |
| labeled membrane: Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology C.A. Jordan, E. Neumann, A.E. Sowers, 2013-11-11 Cells can be funny. Try to grow them with a slightly wrong recipe, and they turn over and die. But hit them with an electric field strong enough to knock over a horse, and they do enough things to justify international meetings, to fill a sizable book, and to lead one to speak of an entirely new technology for cell manipulation. The very improbability of these events not only raises questions about why things happen but also leads to a long list of practical systems in which the application of strong electric fields might enable the merger of cell contents or the introduction of alien but vital material. Inevitably, the basic questions and the practical applications will not keep in step. The questions are intrinsically tough. It is hard enough to analyze the action of the relatively weak fields that rotate or align cells, but it is nearly impossible to predict responses to the cell-shredding bursts of electricity that cause them to fuse or to open up to very large molecular assemblies. Even so, theoretical studies and systematic examination of model systems have produced some creditable results, ideas which should ultimately provide hints of what to try next. |
| labeled membrane: New Research on Cell Aging Reginald B. Garvey, 2007 This book presents research on cell growth and the ageing process. Emphasis is given to implications for cancer therapy, abnormal mitosis and aberrant nuclear morphology, neoplastic transformations, negative charges on various malignant cell types. |
| labeled membrane: In celebration of women in science: Lipids, membranes, and membranous organelles Elena G. Govorunova, Isabel María López-Lara, 2023-05-05 |
| labeled membrane: Neuroendocrine Molecular Biology G. Fink, A. J. Harmar, Kenneth W. McKerns, 2013-03-09 The 13th Annual Meeting of the Foundation was held in Edinburgh during September 1985. The subject was neuroendocrine molecular biology which brought together leading scientists in the fields of molecular genetics, neuroendocrinology and developmental neuro biology. The conference was most stimulating and as the Proceedings show, novel data presented was of the highest quality. The topics presented were grouped under the headings;, Molecular Biology of the Nervous System, ''IlIRH - New Perspectives', ''Neuropeptides'', Oxytocin and Vasopressin, Transcriptional and Post-Translational Regulation of Neuropeptide Synthesis, Neuroendocrine Mechanisms at the Cellular Level, Receptors - Cellular and Molecular Biology and Clinical Applications. The |
| labeled membrane: Distance Measurements in Biological Systems by EPR Lawrence J. Berliner, Sandra S. Eaton, Gareth R. Eaton, 2006-02-20 Distance measurements in biological systems by EPR The foundation for understanding function and dynamics of biological systems is knowledge of their structure. Many experimental methodologies are used for determination of structure, each with special utility. Volumes in this series on Biological Magnetic Resonance emphasize the methods that involve magnetic resonance. This volume seeks to provide a critical evaluation of EPR methods for determining the distances between two unpaired electrons. The editors invited the authors to make this a very practical book, with specific numerical examples of how experimental data is worked up to produce a distance estimate, and realistic assessments of uncertainties and of the range of applicability, along with examples of the power of the technique to answer biological problems. The first chapter is an overview, by two of the editors, of EPR methods to determine distances, with a focus on the range of applicability. The next chapter, also by the Batons, reviews what is known about electron spin relaxation times that are needed in estimating distances between spins or in selecting appropriate temperatures for particular experiments. Albert Beth and Eric Hustedt describe the information about spin-spin interaction that one can obtain by simulating CW EPR line shapes of nitroxyl radicals. The information in fluid solution CW EPR spectra of dual-spin labeled proteins is illustrated by Hassane Mchaourab and Eduardo Perozo. |
| labeled membrane: The Glycoconjugates V4 Martin Horowitz, 2012-12-02 The Glycoconjugates: Mammalian Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, and Proteoglycans Volume IV is a collaboration of different experts in the field of molecular biology on the subject of glycoconjugates. The fourth volume covers topics such as the uptake of glycoconjugates and transport of lysozomal enzymes, and the hepatic receptor for asialoglycoproteins. Also covered in this volume are topics such as the use of neoglycoproteins as probes for binding and cellular uptake of glycoconjugates; the transfer of glycoconjugates from living to fixed cells; and the biosynthesis, function, and host interaction of virus glycolipids and glycoproteins. The book is recommended for molecular biologists, organic chemists, and biochemists who would like to know more about glycolipids and glycoproteins and their applications. |
| labeled membrane: Biomimetic Radical Chemistry and Applications Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu, 2020-03-25 The enormous importance of free radical chemistry for a variety of biological events, including ageing and inflammation, has attracted a strong interest in understanding the related mechanistic steps at the molecular level. Modelling the free radical chemical reactivity of biological systems is an important research area. When studying free-radical-based chemical mechanisms, biomimetic chemistry and the design of established biomimetic models come into play to perform experiments in a controlled environment that is suitably designed to be in strict connection with cellular conditions. This Special Issue gives the reader a wide overview of biomimetic radical chemistry, where molecular mechanisms have been defined and molecular libraries of products are developed to also be used as traces for the discovery of some relevant biological processes. Several subjects are presented, with 12 articles and 6 reviews written by specialists in the fields of DNA, proteins, lipids, biotechnological applications, and bioinspired synthesis, having “free radicals” as a common denominator. |
| labeled membrane: Proteins—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition , 2012-12-26 Proteins—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Proteins. The editors have built Proteins—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Proteins in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Proteins—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
| labeled membrane: Metabolic Interconversion of Enzymes 1980 E.J.M. Helmreich, H. Schroeder, O.H. Wieland, H. Holzer, 2012-12-06 |
| labeled membrane: Advances in Immunology , 1986-10-16 Advances in Immunology |
| labeled membrane: Biological Membranes Kenneth M. Merz, Benoit Roux, 2012-12-06 The interface between a living cell and the surrounding world plays a critical role in numerous complex biological processes. Sperm/egg fusion, virus/cell fusion, exocytosis, endocytosis, and ion permeation are a few examples of processes involving membranes. In recent years, powerful tools such as X-ray crystal lography, electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infra-red and Raman spectroscopy have been developed to characterize the structure and dy namics of biomembranes. Despite this progress, many of the factors responsible for the function of biomembranes are still not well understood. The membrane is a very complicated supramolecular liquid-crystalline structure that is largely composed of lipids, forming a bilayer, to which proteins and other biomolecules are anchored. Often, the lipid bilayer environment is pictured as a hydropho bic structureless slab providing a thermodynamic driving force to partition the amino acids of a membrane protein according to their solubility. However, much of the molecular complexity of the phospholipid bilayer environment is ignored in such a simplified view. It is likely that the atomic details of the polar head group region and the transition from the bulk water to the hydrophobic core of the membrane are important. An understanding of the factors responsible for the function of biomembranes thus requires a better characterization at the molec ular level of how proteins interact with lipid molecules, of how lipids affect protein structure and of how lipid molecules might regulate protein function. |
| labeled membrane: Flow Cytometry Protocols Teresa S. Hawley, |
