Ncrna Types

Decoding the Diverse World of ncRNA Types: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction:

Stepping beyond the well-trodden path of protein-coding genes, we enter the fascinating realm of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These molecules, once considered mere transcriptional noise, are now recognized as pivotal players in a vast array of cellular processes. From gene regulation to disease pathogenesis, ncRNAs exert profound influence on life itself. This comprehensive guide delves into the diverse world of ncRNA types, exploring their classifications, functions, and significance in biological research and medicine. Prepare to unravel the intricate complexity and surprising versatility of these enigmatic molecules. We'll cover everything from the well-known microRNAs to the lesser-known, yet equally important, long non-coding RNAs and other fascinating subtypes.


I. Classifying the ncRNA Universe: Size Matters (and so does function)

The sheer diversity of ncRNAs necessitates a structured classification system. While a single, universally accepted categorization remains elusive, a common approach divides ncRNAs primarily by their length:

Small ncRNAs (<200 nucleotides): This group includes some of the most extensively studied ncRNAs, such as:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs): These tiny, ~22-nucleotide-long molecules are master regulators of gene expression, primarily through post-transcriptional gene silencing. They bind to target mRNAs, leading to either translational repression or mRNA degradation. Their dysregulation is implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs): Often generated through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, siRNAs are double-stranded molecules that induce gene silencing by targeting specific mRNA sequences for degradation. Their therapeutic potential in gene silencing strategies is actively being explored.

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs): Residing primarily in the nucleolus, snoRNAs guide chemical modifications (like methylation and pseudouridylation) of other RNAs, primarily ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs). These modifications are crucial for proper ribosome biogenesis and function.

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs): These longer (~26-31 nucleotide) small RNAs are primarily found in germline cells and play a crucial role in silencing transposable elements, ensuring genomic integrity.


Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) (>200 nucleotides): This category encompasses a vastly heterogeneous group of molecules with diverse functions. Their length often allows for complex secondary structures and interactions with multiple proteins and other RNA molecules. LncRNAs can regulate gene expression at various levels, including transcription, splicing, and translation. They are often associated with specific genomic loci and can act in cis (affecting nearby genes) or trans (affecting genes located elsewhere in the genome). Examples include:

Xist RNA: A critical player in X chromosome inactivation in female mammals.

HOTAIR: A lncRNA involved in epigenetic regulation through its interaction with chromatin-modifying complexes.

MALAT1: Implicated in cancer progression and metastasis.


II. Functional Diversity: Beyond Simple Regulation

While many ncRNAs function as regulators of gene expression, their roles extend far beyond this singular function. Their diverse functionalities highlight their integral role in cellular processes:

Gene Expression Regulation: This remains a dominant role, encompassing transcriptional activation and repression, splicing regulation, and translational control. Different ncRNAs employ distinct mechanisms to achieve these regulatory outcomes.

Chromatin Remodeling: Some lncRNAs interact with chromatin-modifying complexes, altering chromatin structure and impacting gene accessibility. This influence on epigenetic landscapes contributes to long-term gene regulation.

RNA Processing and Stability: Several ncRNAs participate in various aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA splicing, capping, and degradation. These activities ensure the proper processing and quality control of mRNA molecules.

Signaling Pathways: Emerging evidence suggests that certain ncRNAs act as signaling molecules, communicating between different cellular compartments or even between cells.


III. ncRNA and Disease: Implications for Diagnostics and Therapeutics

The critical roles of ncRNAs in cellular processes make them attractive targets for research into disease mechanisms. Dysregulation of ncRNA expression or function is increasingly implicated in a wide range of human diseases, including:

Cancer: Aberrant expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs is frequently observed in various cancers, affecting tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Several ncRNAs have been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Cardiovascular Diseases: Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to cardiovascular disease by affecting cardiac development, inflammation, and angiogenesis.


IV. Research Techniques and Future Directions

Investigating the world of ncRNAs requires sophisticated techniques. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and other methodologies allow researchers to identify and characterize ncRNAs, unravel their interactions, and understand their functional roles. Future research is likely to focus on:

Comprehensive ncRNA Cataloguing: A complete annotation of the human ncRNA transcriptome remains a significant challenge.

Functional Characterization: Understanding the precise mechanisms by which ncRNAs exert their effects is crucial.

Therapeutic Applications: Developing ncRNA-based therapies holds significant promise for the treatment of various diseases.


V. Conclusion:

The exploration of non-coding RNAs has revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation and cellular processes. While significant progress has been made, the complexity of ncRNAs and their interactions remains a fertile ground for future research. As our knowledge expands, we can expect to uncover even more remarkable roles for these enigmatic molecules and harness their potential for therapeutic applications. The future of ncRNA research holds immense promise for advancing our understanding of biology and improving human health.


Article Outline:

Title: Decoding the Diverse World of ncRNA Types: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction: Hooking the reader and providing an overview.
Chapter 1: Classifying the ncRNA Universe: Size-based classification, detailed descriptions of small and long ncRNAs with examples.
Chapter 2: Functional Diversity: Exploring the wide range of ncRNA functions beyond gene regulation.
Chapter 3: ncRNA and Disease: Connecting ncRNA dysregulation to various diseases.
Chapter 4: Research Techniques and Future Directions: Highlighting crucial research methodologies and future research needs.
Conclusion: Summarizing key findings and future prospects.


(The body of the article above fulfills this outline.)


FAQs:

1. What is the difference between mRNA and ncRNA? mRNA carries genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis, while ncRNA does not code for proteins but plays regulatory and structural roles.

2. What are the main types of small ncRNAs? miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, and piRNAs are major examples.

3. How do lncRNAs regulate gene expression? LncRNAs can regulate gene expression through various mechanisms, including transcriptional interference, chromatin remodeling, and splicing regulation.

4. What is the role of ncRNAs in cancer? Dysregulation of ncRNAs is frequently observed in cancer, contributing to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance.

5. What are some techniques used to study ncRNAs? High-throughput sequencing, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and microarray analysis are common techniques.

6. What is the therapeutic potential of ncRNAs? NcRNAs can be used as therapeutic targets or as therapeutic agents themselves (e.g., siRNA-based therapies).

7. Are all ncRNAs transcribed from their own genes? Some ncRNAs are transcribed from their own genes, while others are derived from processing of larger transcripts.

8. What is the difference between cis-acting and trans-acting lncRNAs? Cis-acting lncRNAs regulate genes in their vicinity, while trans-acting lncRNAs regulate genes located elsewhere in the genome.

9. How can I learn more about specific ncRNAs? Databases like miRBase (for miRNAs) and NONCODE (for lncRNAs) are valuable resources.


Related Articles:

1. MicroRNA Biogenesis and Function: A detailed explanation of miRNA processing and mechanisms of action.
2. The Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in Cancer: Focus on the involvement of lncRNAs in cancer development and progression.
3. RNA Interference (RNAi) Mechanisms: A comprehensive overview of the RNAi pathway and its applications.
4. Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and Ribosome Biogenesis: Exploring the role of snoRNAs in ribosome assembly and function.
5. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and Transposable Element Silencing: Focus on piRNAs and their role in genome stability.
6. ncRNA-Based Therapeutics: Current Challenges and Future Directions: Discussing the potential and limitations of ncRNA-based therapies.
7. High-Throughput Sequencing of Non-coding RNAs: Describing methodologies for large-scale ncRNA identification.
8. Computational Prediction of ncRNA Function: Exploring bioinformatics approaches to predicting ncRNA roles.
9. The Epigenetic Landscape and the Influence of Long Non-Coding RNAs: Connecting lncRNAs to epigenetic modifications and their effects on gene expression.


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  ncrna types: Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, 2020-11-13 The growth of human population has increased the demand for improved yield and quality of crops and horticultural plants. However, plant productivity continues to be threatened by stresses such as heat, cold, drought, heavy metals, UV radiations, bacterial and fungal pathogens, and insect pests. Long noncoding RNAs are associated with various developmental pathways, regulatory systems, abiotic and biotic stress responses and signaling, and can provide an alternative strategy for stress management in plants. Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants: Roles in development and stress provides the most recent advances in LncRNAs, including identification, characterization, and their potential applications and uses. Introductory chapters include the basic features and brief history of development of lncRNAs studies in plants. The book then provides the knowledge about the lncRNAs in various important agricultural and horticultural crops such as cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and fiber crop cotton, and their roles and applications in abiotic and biotic stress management. - Includes the latest advances and research in long noncoding RNAs in plants - Provides alternative strategies for abiotic and biotic stress management in horticultural plants and agricultural crops - Focuses on the application and uses of long noncoding RNAs
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  ncrna types: Non-coding RNA and addiction Andre Pietrzykowski, Matthew Reilly, Da-Yu Wu, Leonard Lipovich, Marissa A. Ehringer, Jonathan Pollock,
  ncrna types: Computational Genomics with R Altuna Akalin, 2020-12-16 Computational Genomics with R provides a starting point for beginners in genomic data analysis and also guides more advanced practitioners to sophisticated data analysis techniques in genomics. The book covers topics from R programming, to machine learning and statistics, to the latest genomic data analysis techniques. The text provides accessible information and explanations, always with the genomics context in the background. This also contains practical and well-documented examples in R so readers can analyze their data by simply reusing the code presented. As the field of computational genomics is interdisciplinary, it requires different starting points for people with different backgrounds. For example, a biologist might skip sections on basic genome biology and start with R programming, whereas a computer scientist might want to start with genome biology. After reading: You will have the basics of R and be able to dive right into specialized uses of R for computational genomics such as using Bioconductor packages. You will be familiar with statistics, supervised and unsupervised learning techniques that are important in data modeling, and exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data. You will understand genomic intervals and operations on them that are used for tasks such as aligned read counting and genomic feature annotation. You will know the basics of processing and quality checking high-throughput sequencing data. You will be able to do sequence analysis, such as calculating GC content for parts of a genome or finding transcription factor binding sites. You will know about visualization techniques used in genomics, such as heatmaps, meta-gene plots, and genomic track visualization. You will be familiar with analysis of different high-throughput sequencing data sets, such as RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and BS-seq. You will know basic techniques for integrating and interpreting multi-omics datasets. Altuna Akalin is a group leader and head of the Bioinformatics and Omics Data Science Platform at the Berlin Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center, Berlin. He has been developing computational methods for analyzing and integrating large-scale genomics data sets since 2002. He has published an extensive body of work in this area. The framework for this book grew out of the yearly computational genomics courses he has been organizing and teaching since 2015.
  ncrna types: ncRNAs: Mediated Regulation Channapatna S. Prakash,
  ncrna types: Cancer and Noncoding RNAs Jayprokas Chakrabarti, Sanga Mitra, 2017-10-13 Cancer and Noncoding RNAs offers an in-depth exploration of noncoding RNAs and their role in epigenetic regulation of complex human disease, most notably cancer. In addition to examining microRNAs, this volume provides a unique evaluation of more recently profiled noncoding RNAs now implicated in carcinogenesis, including lncRNAs, piRNAs, circRNAs, and tRNAs, identifying differences in function between these noncoding RNAs and how they interact with the rest of the epigenome. A broad range of chapters from experts in the field detail epigenetic regulation of various cancer types, along with recent next generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and bioinformatics approaches. This book will help researchers in genomic medicine and cancer biology better understand the role of noncoding RNAs in epigenetics, aiding in the development of useful biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and new RNA-based disease therapies. - Provides a comprehensive analysis of noncoding RNAs implicated in epigenetic regulation of gene expression and chromatin dynamics - Educates researchers and graduate students by highlighting, in addition to miRNAs, a range of noncoding RNAs newly associated with carcinogenesis - Applies current knowledge of noncoding RNAs and epigenomics towards developing cancer and RNA-based disease therapies - Features contributions by leading experts in the field
  ncrna types: MicroRNAs in Cancer Cesar Lopez-Camarillo, Laurence A. Marchat, 2013-02-22 MicroRNA (miRNA) biology is a cutting-edge topic in basic as well as biomedical research. This is a specialized book focusing on the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in the development, progression, invasion, and metastasis of diverse types of cancer. It also reviews their potential for applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and th
  ncrna types: Long Non Coding RNA Biology M.R.S. Rao, 2017-08-16 This contributed volume offers a comprehensive and detailed overview of the various aspects of long non-coding RNAs and discusses their emerging significance. Written by leading experts in the field, it motivates young researchers around the globe, and offers graduate and postgraduate students fascinating insights into genes and their regulation in eukaryotes and higher organisms.
  ncrna types: Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation Vincenzo E. A. Russo, Robert A. Martienssen, Arthur D. Riggs, 1996 Many inheritable changes in gene function are not explained by changes in the DNA sequence. Such epigenetic mechanisms are known to influence gene function in most complex organisms and include effects such as transposon function, chromosome imprinting, yeast mating type switching and telomeric silencing. In recent years, epigenetic effects have become a major focus of research activity. This monograph, edited by three well-known biologists from different specialties, is the first to review and synthesize what is known about these effects across all species, particularly from a molecular perspective, and will be of interest to everyone in the fields of molecular biology and genetics.
  ncrna types: Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations Lazaros Iliadis, Ilias Maglogiannis, Vassilis Plagianakos, 2018-05-21 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of 4 workshops held at the 14th IFIP WG 12.5 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, AIAI 2018, held in Rhodes, Greece, in May 2018. The workshops were the Workshop on Semantics in the Deep: Semantic Analytics for Big Data, SEDSEAL 2018; the Third Workshop on 5G - Putting Intelligence to the Network Edge, 5G-PINE 2018; the 7th Mining Humanistic Data Workshop, MHDW 2018; and the Workshop on Intelligent Cloud and IOT Paradigms in EHealth, HEALTHIOT 2018. The 19 full papers and 5 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 53 submissions: SEDSEAL accepted 2 full papers out of 5 submissions, 5G-PINE 6 full and one short paper out of 24, MHDW 7 full and 4 short papers out of 15, and HEALTHIOT 4 full papers out of 9. The papers cover topics such as AI in 5G and telecommunications, AI and e-health services, AI in 5G networks, incremental learning, clustering, AI in text mining, visual data analytics, AI in molecular biology, DNA, RNA, proteins, big data analytics, Internet of Things and recommender systems, and AI in biomedical applications.
  ncrna types: Bioinformatics of Non-Coding RNAs with Applications to Biomedicine: Recent Advances and Open Challenges Carlo Maria Croce, Alfredo Ferro, Alessandro Laganà, 2017-01-27 The recent discovery of small and long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has represented a major breakthrough in the life sciences. These molecules add a new layer of complexity to biological processes and pathways by revealing a sophisticated and dynamic interconnected system whose structure is just beginning to be uncovered. Genetic and epigenetic aberrations affecting ncRNA gene sequences and their expression have been linked to a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Latest advances in the development of high throughput analysis techniques may help to shed light on the complex regulatory mechanisms in which ncRNA molecules are involved. Bioinformatics tools constitute a unique and essential resource for non-coding RNA studies, providing a powerful technology to organize, integrate and analyze the huge amount of data produced daily by wet biology experiments in order to discover patterns, identify relationships among heterogeneous biological elements and formulate functional hypotheses. This Research Topic reviews current knowledge, introduces novel methods, and discusses open challenges of this exciting and innovative field in connection with the most important biomedical applications. It consists of four reviews and six original research and methods articles, spanning the full scope of the Research Topic.
  ncrna types: Computational Non-coding RNA Biology Yun Zheng, 2018-09-14 Computational Non-coding RNA Biology is a resource for the computation of non-coding RNAs. The book covers computational methods for the identification and quantification of non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs, tasiRNAs, phasiRNAs, lariat originated circRNAs and back-spliced circRNAs, the identification of miRNA/siRNA targets, and the identification of mutations and editing sites in miRNAs. The book introduces basic ideas of computational methods, along with their detailed computational steps, a critical component in the development of high throughput sequencing technologies for identifying different classes of non-coding RNAs and predicting the possible functions of these molecules. Finding, quantifying, and visualizing non-coding RNAs from high throughput sequencing datasets at high volume is complex. Therefore, it is usually possible for biologists to complete all of the necessary steps for analysis. - Presents a comprehensive resource of computational methods for the identification and quantification of non-coding RNAs - Introduces 23 practical computational pipelines for various topics of non-coding RNAs - Provides a guide to assist biologists and other researchers dealing with complex datasets - Introduces basic computational methods and provides guidelines for their replication by researchers - Offers a solution to researchers approaching large and complex sequencing datasets
  ncrna types: Navigating Non-coding RNA Joanna Sztuba-Solinska, 2023-06-17 Navigating Non-coding RNA: From Biogenesis to Therapeutic Application provides a concise overview of the field of non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Chapters cover the history of discoveries that have occurred in the area of ncRNA, specific types of ncRNA, housekeeping ncRNAs such as ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, small nuclear RNA and telomerase RNA, regulatory ncRNAs such as microRNA, small interfering RNA, long non-coding RNA and Y RNA. Biogenesis, structure, function, and regulation of each of these are also explored in addition to traditional and cutting-edge methods for the identification, functional characterization and structural characterization of ncRNA. The book also focuses on the different types of epitranscriptomic modifications and their involvement in regulating ncRNA structure, stability and intermolecular interactions in addition to the role of ncRNAs in a range of diseases and potential therapeutic applications. - Covers a wide range of non-coding RNAs, including ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, telomerase RNA, microRNA, small interfering RNA and circular RNA - Features both traditional and novel methodologies for investigating ncRNA, from microarray and conventional chemical probing to CAGE-seq and computational methods - Includes chapters on ncRNAs in a range of diseases, including cancers, neurological disorders, cardiovascular conditions and infectious illnesses - Discusses novel therapeutic strategies for targeting ncRNAs, including CRISP/Ca9 applications and RNAi-based strategies - Explores the molecular mechanisms and intermolecular interactions of ncRNA
  ncrna types: Non-coding RNA Mediated Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Human Diseases Shaveta Kanoria, Santosh Kumar, Florent Hubé, 2022-05-27
  ncrna types: Functional analysis of species-specific noncoding RNAs in plants Yuepeng Song, Mahmoud Yaish, Deqiang Zhang, Yun Zheng, Lianfeng Gu, Byeong-ha Lee, 2023-02-01
  ncrna types: The Role of ncRNA in Cardiac Remodeling Zhanpeng Huang, Kun Wang, Jiandong Liu, 2022-04-20
  ncrna types: Regulation by non-coding RNAs Volume 1 Nicholas Delihas, 2018-10-09 Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in IJMS
  ncrna types: Computational Biology of Non-Coding RNA Xin Lai, Shailendra Gupta, Julio Vera Gonzalez, 2025-01-09
  ncrna types: Roles Of Non-coding RNAs In Tumor Growth And Development Giovanni Blandino, Hernandes F. Carvalho, Jawed A. Siddiqui, Valeria Poli, 2023-01-05
  ncrna types: Pattern Recognition in Computational Molecular Biology Mourad Elloumi, Costas Iliopoulos, Jason T. L. Wang, Albert Y. Zomaya, 2015-11-30 A comprehensive overview of high-performance pattern recognition techniques and approaches to Computational Molecular Biology This book surveys the developments of techniques and approaches on pattern recognition related to Computational Molecular Biology. Providing a broad coverage of the field, the authors cover fundamental and technical information on these techniques and approaches, as well as discussing their related problems. The text consists of twenty nine chapters, organized into seven parts: Pattern Recognition in Sequences, Pattern Recognition in Secondary Structures, Pattern Recognition in Tertiary Structures, Pattern Recognition in Quaternary Structures, Pattern Recognition in Microarrays, Pattern Recognition in Phylogenetic Trees, and Pattern Recognition in Biological Networks. Surveys the development of techniques and approaches on pattern recognition in biomolecular data Discusses pattern recognition in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures, as well as microarrays, phylogenetic trees and biological networks Includes case studies and examples to further illustrate the concepts discussed in the book Pattern Recognition in Computational Molecular Biology: Techniques and Approaches is a reference for practitioners and professional researches in Computer Science, Life Science, and Mathematics. This book also serves as a supplementary reading for graduate students and young researches interested in Computational Molecular Biology.
  ncrna types: Non-coding RNA and the Reproductive System Dagmar Wilhelm, Pascal Bernard, 2015-12-11 This book provides an overview of the role and function of regulatory RNAs that lack protein-coding potential in key reproductive tissues. This includes the role of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Through clear, detailed and comprehensive debate, international leading experts discuss the role these novel regulators in normal development of sexual dimorphisms, including the differentiation of ovaries and testes, the genital tract including prostate, epididymis and uterus, as well as mammary glands. In addition, particular attention is paid on their role in pathophysiological processes within the reproductive tract. The power of next generation sequencing has proved to be an invaluable tool to discover new non-coding RNAs. While the identification of non-coding RNA is relatively easy, analysing their function represents still a challenge today. In this book, authors present historical and conceptual background information, highlight the ways in which non-coding RNAs function is analysed and present their vision of the future research in their key research area.
  ncrna types: AGO-Driven Non-Coding RNAs Bibekanand Mallick, 2019-01-20 The 'RNA world' hypothesis that proposed RNA molecules as the first form of genetic material was put forwarded in the late 1980s but got impetus only recently when high-throughput sequencing technologies began unearthing new types of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts in higher eukaryotes. Till then, research on ncRNAs were primarily confined to transfer RNAs and, ribosomal RNAs, which act as the messengers of the protein synthesis and allow translation of genetic information encoded by DNA into proteins. In recent years, the integration of high-throughput genomic technologies with molecular biology and omics sciences have revolutionized the fields of ncRNA research by identifying the hidden treasures of several new types of ncRNAs encoded in the genomes of several organisms and decrypting their versatile roles in gene expression and epigenetics. Among these, two small endogenous ncRNAs, namely microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that drive argonaute (AGO) family of proteins namely Ago and Piwi respectively and silence the expression of genes have geared up molecular and disease biology research in recent years. Both miRNAs and piRNAs are expressed in higher eukaryotes, including human and act as cellular rheostats by regulating the expression of significant fraction of genes encoded in the genomes. The aberrant expressions of these small ncRNAs within the cells cause various abnormalities and diseases including cancer. Manipulating their aberrant expression or function can serve as potential novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and bring in new therapeutic strategies for multiple human diseases. This can be further translated from bench-side to clinic for improving human health. This book captures the essence of the pioneering work of some of the world's leading researchers showcasing the scientific excitements surrounding the evolving regulatory roles of miRNAs and piRNAs highlighting their potential towards the diagnosis and therapeutics of various diseases. The book is geared towards scientists, students, and will particularly appeal to active investigators in RNA biology, molecular biology, cancer research as well as clinicians and will provide them a comprehensive view of recent discoveries and research progresses to utilize miRNAs, piRNAs and their interacting proteins, Ago and Piwi for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics of diseases. - Provides a unified cutting-edge resource for both miRNAs and piRNAs, two promising AGO-clade small ncRNAs, their functions and potential applications - Showcase high-throughput technologies and other approaches for discovery of these small ncRNAs and their targets - Unveils the diverse molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs and piRNAs regulate gene expression in animal cells - Showcase recent discoveries on involvement of Argonaute and Piwi proteins in different biological processes and diseases as well as their possible use in diagnosis - Report breakthroughs in the use of small ncRNAs for diagnosis and personalized therapy
  ncrna types: RNA Infrastructure and Networks Lesley J. Collins, 2011-09-15 RNAs form complexes with proteins and other RNAs. The RNA‐infrastructure represents the spatiotemporal interaction of these proteins and RNAs in a cell‐wide network. RNA Infrastructure and Networks brings together these ideas to illustrate the scope of RNA‐based biology, and how connecting RNA mechanisms is a powerful tool to investigate regulatory pathways. This book is but a taste of the wide range of RNA‐based mechanisms that connect in the RNA infrastructure.
  ncrna types: Textbook of Vascular Medicine Rhian M. Touyz, Christian Delles, 2019-08-02 This textbook focuses on the vascular biology and physiology that underlie vascular disorders in clinical medicine. Vascular biomedicine is a rapidly growing field as new molecular mechanisms of vascular health and disease are unraveled. Many of the major cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and vascular dementia are diseases of the vasculature. In addition vascular injury underpins conditions like kidney failure and cardiovascular complications of diabetes. This field is truly multidisciplinary involving scientists in many domains such as molecular and vascular biology, cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology and immunology and inflammation. Clinically, specialists across multiple disciplines are involved in the management of patients with vascular disorders, including cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, neurologists and vascular surgeons. This book covers a wide range of topics and provides an overview of the discipline of vascular biomedicine without aiming at in-depth reviews, but rather offering up-to-date knowledge organized in concise and structured chapters, with key points and pertinent references. The structure of the content provides an integrative and translational approach from basic science (e.g. stem cells) to clinical medicine (e.g. cardiovascular disease). The content of this book is targeted to those who are new in the field of vascular biology and vascular medicine and is ideal for medical students, graduate and postgraduate students, clinical fellows and academic clinicians with an interest in the vascular biology and physiology of cardiovascular disease and related pathologies.
  ncrna types: The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, 2022-10-28 Cancer will remain a global major health problem unless new diagnostic, prognostic, and management approaches are discovered to address both loss of life and quality of life. Here we summarize the general physiology, pathology, heterogeneity, and evolution of cancer, current status, limitations and challenges associated with prevention, incidence, treatment, survival, and mortality, as well as future directions with regards to solid tumors. Perspectives are provided on how to improve pre-clinical understandings, outcomes, and patient care. Further, this comprehensive, timely overview of the literature has educational value as part of an academic course, seminar, or as a supplementary text.
  ncrna types: Pathogenic Mechanisms in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Diseases Marcella Canton, Martina Calore, Libero Vitiello, 2021-11-30
  ncrna types: Genomic “dark matter”: implications for understanding human disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and cures Philipp Kapranov, The vast majority of the human genome has been historically ignored from the point of view of molecular mechanisms of disease, diagnostics and potential therapeutic targets. The predominant focus of disease research has traditionally been placed on the protein-coding regions of the human genome, which account for only ~4-5% of its total sequence complexity. This bias has an obvious underlying reason: protein-coding regions encode a crucial class of molecules in a cell, whose function and importance are well established. Furthermore, proteins are the predominant class of cellular molecules against which effective therapeutics can be designed. This bias pervades the design of analytical tools made to measure DNA, DNA-protein interactions, as well as procedures used to measure and annotate transcriptome expression. Microarrays for example, are often biased to the regions of genome known to encode exons or promoters of protein-coding mRNAs. Other aspects of our approach towards measuring expression of RNAs such as the typical choice of polyA+ RNA selection, enriched in mRNAs, for next generation sequencing also reinforces this bias. In summary, the 2-3% of the genome and RNAs made from it has dominated the conceptual thinking of academic and medical communities as well as industries that make devices that measure nucleic acids for research or diagnostic purposes and the pharmaceutical industry. However, during the last decade a tide of data has gained sufficient momentum to suggest that the cell actually uses the remaining 97-98% of the genome to produce stable RNAs – the so-called “dark matter” RNA. The first reports to suggest this were based on tiling array technology and sequencing of ESTs, which while powerful, had their limitations: tiling arrays could not estimate the relative mass of the RNAs produced from the non-protein coding regions in a cell and the EST sequencing methods were not deep enough. The advent of next-generation sequencing, in particular, single-molecule sequencing has allowed us not only confirm the previous observations but also for the first time to estimate not only from where, but also how much non-exonic RNA is produced. Its fraction of the total transcriptome is quite significant, up to 2/3 of all RNA made in a human cell (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/149 ). Moreover, the non-exonic RNAs are differentially expressed in disease: for example, between the primary tumors and metastatic derivatives. We believe that the logical next step from these observations is to ask three questions, perhaps some of the most important questions of our time in biomedical science: (1) do “dark matter” RNAs underlie mechanisms of human disease?; (2) Can they be used for diagnostics?; and (3) Can they be used as targets for therapeutics?. We thus would like to propose a Research Topic in the Frontiers in Genetics/Frontiers in Non-Coding RNAs that is specifically dedicated to publishing manuscripts addressing these three questions.
  ncrna types: Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress: From Signaling Pathways and Microbiomes to Molecular Mechanisms Radhouane Chaffai, Markkandan Ganesan, Ameur Cherif, 2024 Zusammenfassung: The book Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress: From Signaling Pathways and Microbiomes to Molecular Mechanisms comprehensively examines abiotic stressors--cold, heat, light, salinity, and water scarcity--across its 18 chapters. Focusing particularly on Arabidopsis thaliana, it investigates abiotic stresses, adaptation strategies, and molecular pathways. Furthermore, it addresses broader issues, including climate challenges, food security, water scarcity, and agricultural concerns such as soil acidity and aluminum stress. It proposes adaptive measures for cultivating stress-resistant crops and sheds light on genetic modification methods such as CRISPR-Cas9, integrating nanotechnology in plant breeding. Emphasizing transcription factors, post-translational protein modifications, and diverse noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, microRNAs, and small interfering RNAs), the book highlights their role in regulating gene expression during stress responses. It specifically underscores secondary messengers, plant hormones, and MAPK cascades within intracellular signaling pathways. Additionally, it discusses the roles of endophytic bacteria and microbial interactions in bolstering stress resilience. The book explores state-of-the-art research methodologies in plant breeding, omics approaches, and nanotechnology integration for developing stress-resistant crop varieties, advocating for agricultural sustainability. Tailored for plant physiology scientists, academics, and postgraduate students, it amalgamates diverse research findings, serving as a pivotal resource to comprehend intricate plant responses to environmental challenges
  ncrna types: Molecular Function and Regulation of Non-coding RNAs in Multifactorial Diseases Mohammadreza Hajjari, Seyed Javad Mowla, Mohammad Ali Faghihi, 2016-12-14 Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of multifactorial diseases such as diabetes, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer has been greatly advanced. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), generally including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, have recently been found to have potential roles in these diseases, and provide new opportunities for developing both specific biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the molecular function and regulation of these RNAs still remains challenging. Numerous studies are focusing on this field in order to fully appreciate the role and regulation of these molecules in human medicine and biology. This e-book aims to bring together new findings on Non-coding RNAs in different complex diseases. It will highlight the characterization, roles, mechanism, and mode of action of these RNAs in complex disorders. We believe that the publications on this topic would be exponentially extended in future. The improved approaches at multiple levels may pave the way for designing and applying new biomarker and therapeutic targets for specific diseases based on these attractive molecules.
  ncrna types: Noncoding RNAs and Bone Airong Qian, Ye Tian, 2021-06-14 The book provides an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the essential role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in bone formation. In combination with researches from multiple scholars in this field, the book reviews the mechanisms of ncRNA-related bone diseases, as well as the potential applications of RNA synthesis technology in bone disorder treatments. This volume covers the following topics: 1) basic introduction of non-coding RNA and bone development, how 2) microRNAs and 3) long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulate bone formation, 4) how ncRNAs and the corresponding pathways participate in bone metabolism diseases, 5) RNA synthesis technology and the possible RNA therapies in bone disease. Researchers and students in the fields of human genetics, human physiology, developmental biology and biomedical engineering, as well as professionals and scientists in Orthopedics, will particularly find this book helpful.
  ncrna types: Combating cancer with natural products: Non-coding RNA and RNA modification Yongye Huang, Yun Dai, Peng Qu, Yue Hou, 2023-03-15
  ncrna types: RNA Processing Paula Grabowski, 2011-08-29 RNA functions broadly as informational molecule, genome, enzyme and machinery for RNA processing. While these functions reflect ancient activities, they also remain vital components of contemporary biochemical pathways. In eukaryotic cells RNA processing impacts the biogenesis of RNA molecules of essentially every shape and function. The collection of articles in this volume describes the current state of understanding of the broad array of RNA processing events in animal and plant cells, key unanswered questions, and cutting edge approaches available to address these questions. Some questions discussed in this volume include, how viruses subvert the RNA processing machinery of the host cell, how the coordination of co-transcriptional RNA processing is regulated at the level of chromatin, the status of RNA processing in plant organelles, and how micro RNA machinery is biosynthesized and regulated.
  ncrna types: The Role of Steroid Hormones and Growth Factors in Cancer Marzia Di Donato, Paul J. Higgins, Isabel R. Schlaepfer, Gustavo Cernera, 2022-08-25
  ncrna types: Epigenetics in Health and Disease Igor Kovalchuk, Olga Kovalchuk, 2012 After reviewing the field's history and context, the authors introduce and explain each key epigenetic mechanism. Next, they extensively discuss the roles these mechanisms may play in inheritance, development, health and disease, behavior, evolution, ecology, and the interactions of individual organisms with their environments--Page 4 of cover.
  ncrna types: Non-coding RNAs and Cancer Muller Fabbri, 2013-10-28 The discovery of microRNAs and its role as gene expression regulators in human carcinogenesis represents one of the most important scientific achievements of the last decade. More recently, other non-coding RNAs have been discovered and its implications in cancer are emerging as well, suggesting a broader than anticipated involvement of the non-coding genome in cancer. Moreover, completely new and unexpected functions for microRNAs are being revealed, leading to the identification of new anticancer molecular targets. This book represents a comprehensive guide on non-coding RNAs and cancer, spanning from its role as cancer biomarkers, to providing the most useful bioinformatic tools, to presenting some of the most relevant discoveries, which indicates how these fascinating molecules act as fine orchestrators of cancer biology.
  ncrna types: Kernel Methods in Computational Biology Bernhard Schölkopf, Koji Tsuda, Jean-Philippe Vert, 2004 A detailed overview of current research in kernel methods and their application to computational biology.