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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013: Unraveling the Secrets of Complex Chemical Systems
Introduction:
The year 2013 witnessed a groundbreaking achievement in the field of chemistry, one that revolutionized our understanding of complex chemical systems. This blog post delves deep into the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013, awarded for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems. We'll explore the groundbreaking work of Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel, examining their contributions and the lasting impact of their research on various scientific disciplines. Get ready to unravel the intricate details of this significant award and its implications for the future of chemistry and beyond.
The Revolutionary Multiscale Models: A Deep Dive into the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry wasn't awarded for a single discovery but for a transformative approach to understanding complex chemical reactions. Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel were recognized for their development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems. This seemingly technical achievement has profound implications for understanding everything from the behavior of medications within the human body to the design of new materials. Before their work, accurately simulating complex chemical reactions was a monumental task, hampered by the computational limitations of the time. Their innovative approach bridged the gap between classical and quantum mechanics, allowing scientists to model reactions with unparalleled accuracy and efficiency.
Classical vs. Quantum Mechanics: The Foundation of the Breakthrough
To fully appreciate the 2013 Nobel Prize, understanding the fundamental difference between classical and quantum mechanics is crucial. Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, governed by Newton's laws. Quantum mechanics, however, governs the behavior of atoms and molecules at the subatomic level, a realm where particles exhibit wave-like properties and probabilistic behavior. Simulating chemical reactions requires accounting for both scales, a challenge that Karplus, Levitt, and Warshel elegantly addressed.
Bridging the Gap: The Power of Multiscale Modeling
The trio's breakthrough lay in their ability to seamlessly combine classical and quantum mechanical descriptions. They developed algorithms and computational methods that could switch between these frameworks depending on the specific aspect of the reaction being modeled. For example, the high-energy interactions within a molecule might be modeled using quantum mechanics, while the surrounding solvent environment could be efficiently represented using classical mechanics. This hybrid approach dramatically reduced computational costs while maintaining accuracy, opening the doors to simulating far more complex systems than ever before.
Applications Across Scientific Disciplines:
The impact of this work extends far beyond theoretical chemistry. The multiscale models developed by the laureates have found widespread application in various fields:
Drug Discovery and Development: Accurately simulating the interaction of drugs with target molecules is crucial for designing effective medications. Multiscale modeling significantly improves the prediction of drug efficacy and reduces the reliance on expensive and time-consuming experimental trials.
Materials Science: The design of new materials with tailored properties relies heavily on understanding the underlying atomic and molecular interactions. Multiscale modeling enables scientists to design and optimize materials at the atomic level, leading to advancements in fields like energy storage and electronics.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Understanding complex biological processes, such as enzyme catalysis and protein folding, requires simulating the intricate interactions within biological systems. The multiscale approach has become an indispensable tool for studying these processes and unlocking the secrets of life.
Environmental Science: Modeling chemical reactions in the environment, like atmospheric chemistry and water pollution, is vital for understanding and mitigating environmental problems. Multiscale modeling provides a powerful tool for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants and designing effective remediation strategies.
Beyond the Nobel: The Lasting Legacy of Karplus, Levitt, and Warshel
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry stands as a testament to the power of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative computational methods. The work of Karplus, Levitt, and Warshel has fundamentally changed the way scientists approach the study of complex chemical systems. Their multiscale models continue to be refined and applied to an ever-expanding range of scientific problems, paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in countless fields.
Article Outline:
I. Introduction: A brief overview of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and its significance.
II. The Laureates: A detailed look at the contributions of Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel.
III. Classical vs. Quantum Mechanics: Explaining the fundamental difference between these approaches.
IV. Multiscale Modeling: The Key to the Breakthrough: A detailed explanation of the technique and its advantages.
V. Applications and Impacts: Exploring the wide-ranging applications across different scientific disciplines.
VI. Conclusion: Summarizing the lasting impact of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
(Each point in the outline has been extensively covered in the body of the blog post above.)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
1. What is multiscale modeling? Multiscale modeling is a computational technique that combines classical and quantum mechanical descriptions to simulate complex chemical systems.
2. Why was this work awarded the Nobel Prize? The work revolutionized our ability to understand and predict chemical reactions, opening new avenues for research and development across various scientific fields.
3. What are the limitations of multiscale modeling? Despite its advantages, it can still be computationally intensive for extremely large and complex systems.
4. How is multiscale modeling used in drug discovery? It allows for more accurate prediction of how drugs interact with target molecules, leading to more efficient drug design.
5. What is the difference between classical and quantum mechanics? Classical mechanics describes macroscopic objects, while quantum mechanics governs the behavior of atoms and molecules.
6. How does multiscale modeling contribute to materials science? It enables the design and optimization of new materials with tailored properties at the atomic level.
7. What are some future applications of multiscale modeling? Possible applications include advancements in renewable energy, personalized medicine, and environmental remediation.
8. Who were the recipients of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry? Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel.
9. What is the significance of combining classical and quantum mechanics in multiscale modeling? This combination allows for accurate simulations of complex systems without the extreme computational demands of using only quantum mechanics.
Related Articles:
1. The History of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry: A chronological overview of the prize's history and its impact on scientific progress.
2. Quantum Mechanics: A Beginner's Guide: A simplified explanation of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics.
3. Classical Mechanics: An Introduction: A basic overview of the principles of classical mechanics.
4. Computational Chemistry: Techniques and Applications: An overview of different computational techniques used in chemistry.
5. Drug Discovery and Development: A Multidisciplinary Approach: Exploring the various disciplines involved in the drug development process.
6. Materials Science: Innovations and Challenges: Examining current innovations and future challenges in materials science.
7. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Understanding Life's Processes: An overview of the study of biological molecules and their functions.
8. Environmental Chemistry: Protecting Our Planet: Focusing on the role of chemistry in addressing environmental issues.
9. The Future of Scientific Modeling: Exploring the potential of advanced computational techniques in scientific research.
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Spinach On The Ceiling: The Multifaceted Life Of A Theoretical Chemist Martin Karplus, 2020-06-22 'Karplus's tales of a turbulent graduate school experience at Caltech will inspire readers to muster fortitude when everything seems to be spinning out of control. Karplus balances rigorous scientific discussions with refreshing chapters expounding his passion for photography and gastronomy.'Nature Chemistry, May 2020Nobel Laureate Martin Karplus was eight when his family fled Nazi-occupied Austria via Switzerland and France for the United States. He would later credit his life as a refugee as a decisive influence on his world view and approach to science.Spinach on the Ceiling is an autobiographical telling of Karplus' life story, and how it led him to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013. The book captures pivotal moments in Martin's life — from his escape to Switzerland in 1938 shortly after Hitler's entrance into Austria; to memorable moments like when his parents gave him a microscope which opened his eyes to the wonders of science; to his education in New England and California; and his eventual scientific career which took him to England, Illinois, Columbia, Strasbourg, and Harvard. It relates how Martin's optimistic outlook and belief in his vision made it possible for him to overcome setbacks in his life, and turn a subject of study his colleagues considered a waste of time into a central part of chemistry and structural biology. It is his hope to inspire and aid young readers, in particular, to have a successful trajectory in their own lives. Although research and teaching have been his primary focus, he has traveled the world photographing people and places with a Leica IIIC and has had numerous exhibitions of the photographs. He has also enjoyed a lifelong interest in cooking and worked in some of the best restaurants in France and Spain. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Fred Sanger – Double Nobel Laureate George G. Brownlee, 2014-11-06 The first biography of Fred Sanger, shedding light on his remarkable life and career and exploring his continuing legacy. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Periodic Table and a Missed Nobel Prize Ulf Lagerkvist, 2012 In a relatively brief but masterful recounting, Professor Ulf Lagerkvist traces the origins and seminal developments in the field of chemistry, highlighting the discoveries and personalities of the individuals who transformed the ancient myths of the Greeks, the musings of the alchemists, the mystique of phlogiston into the realities and the laws governing the properties and behavior of the elements; in short, how chemistry became a true science. A centerpiece of this historical journey was the triumph by Dmitri Mendeleev who conceived the Periodic Law of the Elements, the relation between the properties of the elements and their atomic weights but more precisely their atomic number. Aside from providing order to the elements known at the time, the law predicted the existence and atomic order of elements not then known but were discovered soon after.An underlying but explicit intent of Lagerkvist's survey is to address what he believes was a gross injustice in denying Mendeleev the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1905 and again in 1906. Delving into the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' detailed records concerning the nominations, Lagerkvist reveals the judging criteria and the often heated and prejudicial arguments favoring and demeaning the contributions of the competing contenders of those years. Lagerkvist, who was a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences and has participated in judging nominations for the chemistry prize, concludes It is in the nature of the Nobel Prize that there will always be a number candidates who obviously deserve to be rewarded but never get the accolade -- Mendeleev was one of those. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences Erling Norrby, 2010 The Nobel Prizes m natural sciences have achieved the reputation of being the ultimate accolade for scientific achievements. This honk gives a unique insight into the selection of Nobel Prize recipients, in particular the life sciences. The evolving mechanisms of selection of prize recipients are illustrated by reference to archives, which have remained secret for 1) years. Many of the prizes subjected to particular evaluation concern awards given for discoveries in the field of infectious diseases and the interconnected field of genetics. The book illustrates the individuals and environments that are conducive to scientific creativity. Nowhere is this enigmatic activity'-- the mime mover in advancing the human condition highlighted as lucidly as by identification individuals worthy of Nobel Prizes. --Book Jacket. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prizes that Changed Medicine Gilbert Thompson, 2012 This book brings together in one volume fifteen Nobel Prize-winning discoveries that have had the greatest impact upon medical science and the practice of medicine during the 20th century and up to the present time. Its overall aim is to enlighten, entertain and stimulate. This is especially so for those who are involved in or contemplating a career in medical research. Anyone interested in the particulars of a specific award or Laureate can obtain detailed information on the topic by accessing the Nobel Foundation''s website. In contrast, this book aims to provide a less formal and more personal view of the science and scientists involved, by having prominent academics write a chapter each about a Nobel Prize-winning discovery in their own areas of interest and expertise. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prize Winners of the World Prateeksha M. Tiwari, 2014-03-26 The Nobel Prize is awarded for achievements in physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Literature and for Peace. The Nobel Prize is an international award given by the Nobel foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1968, the prize in Economics was established in memory of Alfred Nobel, the founder of the Nobel Prize, Each Prize consists of medal, certificate of appreciation, and cash award. Founded in 1901 by the inventor of dynamite, Alfred Nobel, the Nobel Prize is the world's most celebrated honour. It grants its winners instant celebrity status and acclaim. It is very difficult to select the best out of best, because general perception is that a Nobel laureate is always the best in the concerned field. This book comprises brief biographies of many famous Nobel laureates. In last chapter, a list has been given that comprises the name of all the Nobel Prize winners in all six categories for the readers benefit. You would certainly find this book informative, inspiring and educative. It is a good reference book too. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Life Stefano Sandrone, 2021-06-17 Lively and engaging conversations with 24 Nobel Prize winners, revealing their stories and providing inspiration for the next generation. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prizes And Nature's Surprises Erling Norrby, 2013-10-10 Each year the Nobel Prizes in the natural sciences reveal amazing discoveries. New milestones in the relentless advance of science are identified. The growth of knowledge and its evolution can be researched in the Nobel archives where nominations are kept secret for 50 years after the awards have been made. They represent a treasure for real-time assessment of science. Norrby's earlier book, Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences (2010) examined the unique archival records until 1959.The present book takes us up to 1962, surveying a range of dazzling discoveries. All prizes in immunology are reviewed. Their impact on our capacity to control infectious diseases and transplant organs are highlighted. The Nobel year 1962 is exceptional in recognizing the most major advance in biology since Darwin in 1859 presented his theory of evolution. This was the dramatic discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953. The era of molecular biology had begun. Its explosive development continues into the present. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Michael Worek, 2010-06-03 The story of the winners of the world's most prestigious prize, now updated to include the 2009 recipients. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award one can receive. The Prize is administered by the Nobel Foundation, and the award ceremonies receive extensive media coverage. The awards are often politically controversial, and many winners use their acceptance speech to further favorite causes. Along with background information, the book provides a look at the 200 most famous and most interesting Nobel winners. The profiles are arranged by prize and by year. A photo or illustration appears with each profiled Laureate. Other illustrations help to explain complex subjects in science and make it easier for the reader to appreciate the accomplishments for which the prize has been awarded. A number of fascinating facts emerge from this lively account. For example, only 40 of the 829 Nobel Laureates have been women, among them Marie Curie, who won twice. Linus Pauling is the only person to have been awarded two Nobel Prizes in different categories, the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. The youngest Laureate is Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 years old when he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his father in 1915. The oldest is Leonid Hurwicz, who was 90 years old when he received the 2007 Economics Prize. Two Laureates have declined the Nobel Prize: Jean-Paul Sartre, and Le Duc Tho. Other famous names include Ernest Hemingway, Albert Einstein, Albert Schweitzer, James Watson and Francis Crick, Paul Krugman, Charles Kao, Elizabeth Blackburn and Barack Obama. Nobel: A Century of Prize Winners is sure to find a readership among the millions who follow the awards each year and want to understand more about the most important prize in the world. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Fritz Haber Dietrich Stoltzenberg, 2004 This long-awaited biography of Fritz Haber, now abridged by the author and translated into English, illuminates the life of one of the most gifted yet controversial figures of the 20th century. Haber was a pioneer in electrochemistry and thermodynamics and won the Nobel Prize for his synthesis of ammonia, a process essential for both fertilizer and explosives. His dedication to work spurred his efforts to increase support for scientific study in Germany; yet it also helped cause the breakdown of his two marriages. His ardent patriotism led him to develop chemical weapons for World War I and to try to extract gold from seawater, to help pay for Germany's huge war reparations. Yet Haber, a Jew by birth, was exiled from his homeland in 1933 by the Nazi party and died shortly after. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Sir James Dewar, 1842-1923 J.S. Rowlinson, 2016-03-09 Sir James Dewar was a major figure in British chemistry for around 40 years. He held the posts of Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy at Cambridge (1875-1923) and Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution (1877-1923) and is remembered principally for his efforts to liquefy hydrogen successfully in the field that would come to be known as cryogenics. His experiments in this field led him to develop the vacuum flask, now more commonly known as the thermos, and in 1898 he was the first person to successfully liquefy hydrogen. A man of many interests, he was also, with Frederick Abel, the inventor of explosive cordite, an achievement that involved him in a major legal battle with Alfred Nobel. Indeed, Dewar's career saw him involved in a number of public quarrels with fellow scientists; he was a fierce and sometimes unscrupulous defender of his rights and his claims to priority in a way that throws much light on the scientific spirit and practice of his day. This, the first scholarly biography of Dewar, seeks to resurrect and reinterpret a man who was a giant of his time, but is now sadly overlooked. In so doing, the book will shed much new light on the scientific culture of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and the development of the field of chemistry in Britain. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Peptides, Polypeptides, and Proteins Elkan Rogers Blout, 1974 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Applied Cross-Coupling Reactions Yasushi Nishihara, 2012-12-14 “Applied Cross-Coupling Reactions” provides students and teachers of advanced organic chemistry with an overview of the history, mechanisms and applications of cross-coupling reactions. Since the discovery of the transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in 1972, numerous synthetic uses and industrial applications have been developed. The mechanistic studies of the cross-coupling reactions have disclosed that three fundamental reactions: oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination, are involved in a catalytic cycle. Cross-coupling reactions have allowed us to produce a variety of compounds for industrial purposes, such as natural products, pharmaceuticals, liquid crystals and conjugate polymers for use in electronic devices. Indeed, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2010 was awarded for work on cross-coupling reactions. In this book, the recent trends in cross-coupling reactions are also introduced from the point of view of synthesis design and catalytic activities of transition-metal catalysts. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Yeast Genetics Jeffrey S. Smith, Daniel J. Burke, 2014-09-12 Yeast Genetics: Methods and Protocols is a collection of methods to best study and manipulate Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a truly genetic powerhouse. The simple nature of a single cell eukaryotic organism, the relative ease of manipulating its genome and the ability to interchangeably exist in both haploid and diploid states have always made it an attractive model organism. Genes can be deleted, mutated, engineered and tagged at will. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has played a major role in the elucidation of multiple conserved cellular processes including MAP kinase signaling, splicing, transcription and many others. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easily accessible, Yeast Genetics: Methods and Protocols will provide a balanced blend of classic and more modern genetic methods relevant to a wide range of research areas and should be widely used as a reference in yeast labs. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Robert Burns Woodward Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter John Turnbull Morris, 2001 Robert Burns Woodward was the star of 20th-century organic chemistry. An MIT graduate by age 19, Woodward's ingenious notions about organic synthesis and his artful methodology were astounding. He is most famed for his synthesis of vitamin B12,which he undertook with Albert Eschenmoser, and for the orbital symmetry rules he developed with Roald Hoffmann. This volume presents Woodward's most celebrated papers and lectures--including the famous Cope lecture. Insightful commentaries and rarely seen photographs are also included. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Nobel Prize Burton Feldman, 2000 Discusses the Nobel Institution in detail, telling about the award and its beginnings, what it means to win a Nobel Prize, the fields in which it is presented, who judges and how the prize is awarded, and more. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The View from Castle Rock Alice Munro, 2006-11-07 A “revelatory” (The Boston Globe), “exhilarating” (The New York Times Book Review) collection of twelve stories that “[redraw] the boundaries between fiction and memoir” (O: The Oprah Magazine), from Nobel Prize–winning author Alice Munro “Munro really does know magic: how to summon the spirits and the emotions that animate our lives.”—The Washington Post Book World A BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR: The Washington Post, Slate, Rocky Mountain News, New York, The Kanas City Star A young boy, taken to Edinburgh’s Castle Rock to look across the sea to America, catches a glimpse of his father’s dream. Scottish immigrants experience love and loss on a journey that leads them to rural Ontario. Wives, mothers, fathers, and children move through uncertainty, ambivalence, and contemplation in these stories of hopes, adversity, and wonder. The View from Castle Rock reveals what is most essential in Munro’s art: her compassionate understanding of ordinary lives. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Nobel Prize Winners Frank Northen Magill, 1990 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Posthumous Nobel Prize in Chemistry Vera V. Mainz, E. Thomas Strom, 2019-09-23 A humorous overview and history of the Nobel Prizes, generally, and the chemistry prize in particular; who won, and why. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals Linus Pauling, 2023 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Linus Pauling Linus Pauling, Barclay Kamb, 2001 Linus Pauling wrote a stellar series of over 800 scientific papers spanning an amazing range of fields, some of which he himself initiated. This book is a selection of the most important of his writings in the fields of quantum mechanics, chemical bonding (covalent, ionic, metallic, and hydrogen bonding), molecular rotation and entropy, protein structure, hemoglobin, molecular disease, molecular evolution, the antibody mechanism, the molecular basis of anesthesia, orthomolecular medicine, radiation chemistry/biology, and nuclear structure. Through these papers the reader gets a fresh, unfiltered view of the genius of Pauling's many contributions to chemistry, chemical physics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine. Contents.: The Chemical Bond: Metallic Bonding; Hydrogen Bonding; Crystal and Molecular Structure and Properties: Ionic Crystals and X-Ray Difraction; Molecules in the Gas Phase and Electron Diffraction; Entropy and Molecular Rotation in Crystals and Liquids; and other papers. Readership: Chemists, biochemists, molecular biologists and physicists. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: A Love of Discovery Robert Karplus, 2002-01-31 Robert Karplus, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, became a leader in the movement to reform elementary school science in the 1960s. This book selects the enduring aspects of his work and presents them for the scientists and science educators of today. In an era when `science education for ALL students' has become the clarion call, the insights and works of Robert Karplus are as relevant now as they were in the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. This book tries to capture the essence of his life and work and presents selections of his published articles in a helpful context. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Pioneers of Quantum Chemistry E. Thomas Strom, Angela K. Wilson, 2013-09-19 Discusses the early history of quantum chemistry, stemming from 241st ACS National Meeting in Anaheim, California. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prize Women in Science Sharon Bertsch McGrayne, 2001-04-12 Since 1901 there have been over three hundred recipients of the Nobel Prize in the sciences. Only ten of themâ€about 3 percentâ€have been women. Why? In this updated version of Nobel Prize Women in Science, Sharon Bertsch McGrayne explores the reasons for this astonishing disparity by examining the lives and achievements of fifteen women scientists who either won a Nobel Prize or played a crucial role in a Nobel Prize - winning project. The book reveals the relentless discrimination these women faced both as students and as researchers. Their success was due to the fact that they were passionately in love with science. The book begins with Marie Curie, the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in physics. Readers are then introduced to Christiane Nusslein-Volhard, Emmy Noether, Lise Meitner, Barbara McClintock, Chien-Shiung Wu, and Rosalind Franklin. These and other remarkable women portrayed here struggled against gender discrimination, raised families, and became political and religious leaders. They were mountain climbers, musicians, seamstresses, and gourmet cooks. Above all, they were strong, joyful women in love with discovery. Nobel Prize Women in Science is a startling and revealing look into the history of science and the critical and inspiring role that women have played in the drama of scientific progress. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Proteins Charles L. Brooks, Martin Karplus, B. Montgomery Pettitt, 1991-01-16 Presenting a wide-ranging view of current developments in protein research, the papers in this collection, each written by highly regarded experts in the field, examine various aspects of protein structure, functions, dynamics, and experimentation. Topics include dynamical simulation methods, the biological role of atom fluctuations, protein folding, influences on protein dynamics, and a variety of analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy, photodissociation and rebinding kinetics. This is part of a series devoted to providing general information on a wide variety of topics in chemical physics in order to stimulate new research and to serve as a text for beginners in a particular area of chemical physics. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: CRISPR-Cas Systems Rodolphe Barrangou, John van der Oost, 2012-12-13 CRISPR/Cas is a recently described defense system that protects bacteria and archaea against invasion by mobile genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids. A wide spectrum of distinct CRISPR/Cas systems has been identified in at least half of the available prokaryotic genomes. On-going structural and functional analyses have resulted in a far greater insight into the functions and possible applications of these systems, although many secrets remain to be discovered. In this book, experts summarize the state of the art in this exciting field. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Molecular Switches Ben L. Feringa, Wesley R. Browne, 2011-08-04 Täglich benutzen wir Schalter, um strombetriebene Geräte an- und abzuschalten und kein Compuer würde ohne sie funktionieren. Nach den gleichen Prinzipien funktionieren auch molekulare Schalter, die unter dem Einfluß ihrer Umwelt zwischen zwei definierten Zuständen wechseln können. Im Gegensatz zu den gewöhnlichen Schaltern sind molekulare Schalter aber außerordentlich klein und ihre Anwendung in der Nanotechnologie, Biomedizin und im Computerchipdesign öffnet neue Horizonte. Im vorliegenden Zweibänder berichten Herausgeber und Autoren über molekulare Schalter aus Katenanen und Rotaxanen, Fulgiden, Flüssigkristallen und Polypeptiden. Die Bandbreite der behandelten Themen reicht von chiroptischen Schaltern über multifunktionale Systeme bis hin zu molekularen logischen Schaltungen. Chemiker und Materialwissenschaftler in Industrie und Hochschule, die sich für einen der innovativsten Bereiche ihrer Wissenschaft interessieren, werden dieses Buch mit Gewinn lesen! |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prize Laureates , 1979 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Same and Not the Same Roald Hoffmann, 1995 Nobel laureate Roald Hoffman confronts some of the major ethical controversies in chemistry today. Expertly weaving together examples from the worlds of art, literature, and philosophy, Hoffmann illustrates his uniquely accessible dialectic about the creative activity of chemists. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Principles of Chemistry Donald R. Franceschetti, 2016 Provides students and researchers with an easy-to-understand introduction to the fundamentals of chemistry, from elements and molecules to chemical reactions and properties of matter. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Thread of Life John Cowdery Kendrew, 1966 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: CRISPR Yolanda Ridge, 2020-09-08 We can change the world with gene editing—but should we? CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. If it sounds complicated, it is—but it’s also one of the most powerful ways we can shape the future. And it’s poised to completely upend the way we think about science. Author Yolanda Ridge tackles this topic in a friendly and accessible tone, with two introductory chapters covering the basics of DNA and gene editing before taking readers through the ways that this ground-breaking science could affect them by potentially: • eliminating diseases like malaria and cancer, • improving the stability of our food supply, and • helping to manage conservation efforts for threatened animals and environments. But all of these possible advancements come with risks, the biggest being that the consequences are unknown. Chapters end with “Stop, Go, Yield” sections encouraging readers to consider the pros and cons of using CRISPR. “Cutting Questions” give readers the opportunity to further reflect on the ethics of the science. CRISPR is a game changer. This important book, with detailed scientific illustrations, brings much needed clarity to a topic that will affect readers for generations to come. *A Junior Library Guild Gold Standard Selection |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Nobel Prizes And Notable Discoveries Erling Norrby, 2016-09-06 The present book discusses the prizes in physiology or medicine 1963-65. The 1963 prize recognized milestone discoveries in the field of neurosciences, the way electrical impulses are generated and spread in nerves. The impressive developments of insights into tantalizing brain functions, like consciousness and memory, is discussed in the perspective of prizes both before and after the 1963 prize. The prize in 1964 marked the advanced biochemical venture that led to a full understanding of the synthesis of cholesterol, a central molecule for providing flexibility of the membranes of the trillions of cell in our body. The importance of this molecule for the appearance of cardiovascular diseases and the possibilities to prevent them is presented in the light of other prizes earlier and later in this field. The 1965 prize recognized three impressive French intellectuals, Lwoff, Monod and Jacob. Their contributions allowed the full maturation of the initial phase of the emerging field of molecular biology. The comprehension of the information flow from DNA via RNA to proteins was the source of a revolution of life sciences and of medicine. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Alfred Werner George B. Kauffman, 2013-03-09 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: NO More Heart Disease Louis Ignarro, 2006-01-24 Dr. Louis Ignarro discovered the atom of cardiovascular health--a tiny molecule called Nitric Oxide. NO, as it is known by chemists, is a signaling molecule produced by the body, and is a vasodilator that helps control blood flow to every part of the body. Dr. Ignarro's findings led to the development of Viagra. Nitric Oxide has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system as well. NO relaxes and enlarges the blood vessels, prevents blood clots that trigger strokes and heart attacks, and regulates blood pressure and the accumulation of plaque in the blood vessels. Dr. Ignarro's current research indicates that Nitric Oxide may help lower cholesterol by facilitating the actions of statin drugs like Lipitor. The goal of the regimen presented in NO More Heart Disease is to age proof the cardiovascular system, keeping the vascular network clean and elastic through enhanced NO productivity. The plan is easy-to-follow without extreme lifestyle adjustments, involving taking supplements to stimulate Nitric Oxide production, incorporating NO friendly food into the diet, and a moderate exercise program. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Nobel Prize Michael Worek, 2010 I would like . . . to help dreamers, they find it hard to get on in life. -- Alfred Nobel |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: The Handy Chemistry Answer Book Justin P. Lomont, Ian C. Stewart, 2013-10-01 Don't be mixed up about chemistry! Simplify the complex chemical reactions that take place everywhere in our lives with this engaging, easy-to-follow, question-and-answer guide! Where would we be without atoms and compounds? Gas, liquids, solids, and plasma? Acids and bases? Bonds and reactions? Matter and energy? The Handy Chemistry Answer Book covers the building blocks of life and the universe. The secret life of atoms, how polar bears aren’t actually white, why oil and water don't mix, and much, much more are revealed and explained. This informative guide covers the basics of chemistry (history, atomic structures, chemical bonds and reactions, organic and inorganic chemistry) to more advanced material (nuclear chemistry, biochemistry, physical and theoretical chemistry) by answering nearly 1,000 common chemistry questions, including ... What causes lightning? How does photosynthesis work? What are hard and soft Lewis acids and bases? What makes a fabric “waterproof”? What are the twelve principles of green chemistry? When did alchemists finally abandon trying to make gold? What is Le Chatelier’s principle? What do the different octane ratings mean at the gas pump? What is genetic engineering? Why is calcium important for strong bones? What is the 18-electron rule? Why does chocolate turn white as it ages? Chemical reactions that rule the world; their properties, structure, composition, behavior, and history are tackled and explained in plain English in The Handy Chemistry Answer Book. With many photos, illustrations, a few formulas, molecular diagrams, and other graphics, this fun, fact-filled tome is richly illustrated. A history of chemistry timeline, appendices on Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners, a bibliography, further reading section, glossary of terms, a table of physical constants, a table of conversion factors, and extensive index add to its usefulness. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Carbocation Chemistry George A. Olah, G. K. Surya Prakash, 2004-10-19 A detailed understanding of reactive intermediates is at the heart of chemical transformations, and thus of modern organic synthetic chemistry. Carbocations are electron deficient species that are the most important intermediates in organic chemistry. This comprehensive review gives practical information on the synthesis, mechanisms, and spectral studies related to carbocation chemistry * A detailed reference for all aspects of charbocation chemistry. * With numerous classical examples of studies of carbocations to serve as illustrative principles in organic and physical organic chemistry. * Provides insight into future developments in the field and practical applications. |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Anatomy and Physiology J. Gordon Betts, Peter DeSaix, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, James A. Wise, Mark Womble, Kelly A. Young, 2013-04-25 |
| nobel prize in chemistry 2013: Protein Structure Max F. Perutz, 1992 Explores what use can be made of the solution of over 300 protein structures that have now been determined in atomic detail and discusses the effect of this in medicine. Perutz explains how X-ray crystallographic studies have led to new insights into disease and approaches to treatment. |
