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Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health: Understanding Disparities and Promoting Equity
Introduction:
The health of a nation is inextricably linked to the health of its diverse communities. However, stark disparities persist in health outcomes across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. This isn't simply a matter of individual choices; deep-rooted systemic factors – historical trauma, socioeconomic inequalities, discriminatory practices within healthcare systems, and environmental injustices – significantly impact the health and well-being of specific populations. This comprehensive guide delves into the multifaceted nature of racial and ethnic approaches to community health, exploring the underlying causes of these disparities and highlighting effective strategies for promoting health equity and fostering healthier communities for all. We'll examine successful interventions, discuss the crucial role of culturally competent care, and explore the path toward a more just and equitable healthcare system.
1. Historical Trauma and its Lingering Effects:
Understanding the present requires understanding the past. Centuries of oppression, discrimination, and violence have inflicted profound trauma on marginalized communities. This historical trauma manifests in various ways, impacting mental health, physical health, and access to resources. From the transatlantic slave trade and its enduring legacy of intergenerational trauma to the ongoing effects of Jim Crow laws and systemic racism, the historical context is crucial for comprehending current health disparities. This section will explore specific examples, including the disproportionate rates of chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension within certain communities, directly linked to the historical stress and lack of access to adequate healthcare and nutritious food.
2. Socioeconomic Determinants of Health:
Racial and ethnic disparities are deeply intertwined with socioeconomic factors. Poverty, lack of access to quality education, limited employment opportunities, and unstable housing all contribute to poorer health outcomes. This section analyzes the complex interplay between race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and health. We will examine data showcasing the correlation between income inequality, access to healthcare, and health disparities among different racial and ethnic groups. The discussion will include the impact of residential segregation and environmental racism on health outcomes.
3. Implicit Bias and Discrimination in Healthcare:
Even with equal access to healthcare, implicit bias and discrimination within the healthcare system itself contribute to disparities. Studies consistently demonstrate that racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower quality care than their white counterparts, experiencing longer wait times, less thorough examinations, and a lack of culturally sensitive care. This section explores the subtle and overt forms of bias that affect diagnosis, treatment, and overall healthcare experience. We'll examine strategies for addressing implicit bias among healthcare providers and advocating for more equitable and culturally competent healthcare systems.
4. Culturally Competent Care: Bridging the Gap:
Providing effective and equitable care requires understanding and respecting the cultural beliefs, practices, and preferences of diverse patient populations. Culturally competent care involves more than simply translating materials; it necessitates a deep understanding of the social, cultural, and historical contexts that shape individuals' health beliefs and behaviors. This section will explore the principles of culturally competent care, offering practical examples of how healthcare providers can build trust, improve communication, and deliver truly patient-centered care.
5. Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR): Empowering Communities:
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) emphasizes the active involvement of community members in all stages of research, from identifying research questions to implementing and evaluating interventions. This approach empowers communities to address their own health concerns, leading to more relevant and effective solutions. This section will highlight successful CBPR initiatives that have tackled health disparities within specific racial and ethnic groups, emphasizing the importance of community ownership and engagement.
6. Policy and Advocacy for Health Equity:
Addressing racial and ethnic health disparities requires systemic change. Effective policies are crucial for creating a more equitable healthcare system, promoting health equity, and addressing the underlying social determinants of health. This section will explore policy recommendations at local, state, and federal levels, including expanding access to affordable healthcare, investing in community-based programs, and addressing environmental injustices. We will also discuss the role of advocacy in driving policy change.
7. Measuring Success and Evaluating Interventions:
Tracking progress and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions are essential for ensuring that initiatives aimed at addressing health disparities are truly impactful. This section will discuss various metrics used to measure health equity, including examining disparities in mortality rates, morbidity rates, and access to care. It will also explore methods for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions and adapting strategies based on data-driven insights.
8. The Role of Technology and Data Analytics:
Technology and data analytics play a growing role in addressing health disparities. This section will examine how data can be used to identify and understand disparities, target interventions, and evaluate their effectiveness. We will also explore the potential of telehealth and other technological tools to improve access to care for underserved communities.
9. Building a Healthier Future: A Call to Action:
Ultimately, addressing racial and ethnic health disparities requires a collective effort. This concluding section emphasizes the importance of collaboration between healthcare providers, community organizations, policymakers, and individuals in working toward a more just and equitable healthcare system. It offers a call to action, encouraging readers to become active participants in building healthier communities for all.
Ebook Outline: "Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health: A Guide to Equity and Well-being"
Introduction: Defining the scope of health disparities and outlining the book's objectives.
Chapter 1: Historical Context and the Legacy of Trauma: Examining the historical roots of current health disparities.
Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Factors and Health Inequities: Analyzing the complex interplay between race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Chapter 3: Systemic Barriers and Implicit Bias in Healthcare: Exploring discrimination within the healthcare system.
Chapter 4: Culturally Competent Care and Patient-Centered Approaches: Strategies for effective and respectful care.
Chapter 5: Community-Based Participatory Research and Empowerment: Highlighting successful community-led initiatives.
Chapter 6: Policy and Advocacy for Health Equity: Exploring policy recommendations and advocating for change.
Chapter 7: Measurement, Evaluation, and Data-Driven Approaches: Assessing progress and adapting strategies.
Chapter 8: Technology and Data Analytics for Health Equity: Using technology to improve access and outcomes.
Conclusion: A call to action for building a healthier future for all.
(Each chapter would then be expanded upon in the ebook, elaborating on the points mentioned in the outline above. Due to the length constraints of this response, I cannot fully develop each chapter here.)
FAQs:
1. What are the main causes of racial and ethnic health disparities? A combination of historical trauma, socioeconomic factors, systemic bias, and environmental injustices.
2. How can healthcare providers improve cultural competency? Through education, training, self-reflection, and actively seeking to understand the perspectives and needs of diverse patient populations.
3. What is community-based participatory research (CBPR), and why is it important? A research approach that actively involves community members in all stages, leading to more relevant and effective solutions.
4. What policy changes are needed to address health disparities? Expanding access to affordable healthcare, investing in community-based programs, and addressing environmental injustices.
5. How can we measure the success of interventions aimed at reducing health disparities? By tracking key metrics such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, and access to care.
6. What role does technology play in addressing health disparities? Technology can be used to improve access to care, identify disparities, and evaluate interventions.
7. How can individuals contribute to promoting health equity? By supporting community organizations, advocating for policy changes, and engaging in respectful dialogue about race and health.
8. What is the role of implicit bias in healthcare? Implicit bias can lead to unequal treatment and poorer outcomes for minority patients.
9. What is the long-term impact of historical trauma on health? Historical trauma can have lasting impacts on mental and physical health, affecting multiple generations.
Related Articles:
1. The Impact of Systemic Racism on Maternal and Child Health: Explores how systemic racism contributes to disparities in maternal and child health outcomes.
2. Environmental Justice and its Impact on Minority Communities: Focuses on the disproportionate burden of environmental hazards on minority populations.
3. Addressing Health Disparities through Community-Based Interventions: Highlights successful community-based programs aimed at improving health outcomes.
4. The Role of Implicit Bias in Medical Decision-Making: Examines how implicit bias affects diagnosis, treatment, and patient care.
5. Cultural Competency in Healthcare: A Practical Guide: Provides practical strategies for improving cultural competency in healthcare settings.
6. The Socioeconomic Determinants of Health Disparities: Analyzes the link between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes.
7. The Use of Technology to Improve Access to Healthcare in Underserved Communities: Explores the role of telehealth and other technologies in bridging healthcare gaps.
8. Policy Solutions for Reducing Health Disparities: Offers a detailed review of policy recommendations aimed at achieving health equity.
9. Measuring Health Equity: Indicators and Data Analysis: Provides an overview of methods for measuring and monitoring health equity.
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Unequal Treatment Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, 2009-02-06 Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Challenges and Successes in Reducing Health Disparities Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Roundtable on Health Disparities, 2008-06-13 In early 2007, the Institute of Medicine convened the Roundtable on Health Disparities to increase the visibility of racial and ethnic health disparities as a national problem, to further the development of programs and strategies to reduce disparities, to foster the emergence of leadership on this issue, and to track promising activities and developments in health care that could lead to dramatically reducing or eliminating disparities. The Roundtable's first workshop, Challenges and Successes in Reducing Health Disparities, was held in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 31, 2007, and examined (1) the importance of differences in life expectancy within the United States, (2) the reasons for those differences, and (3) the implications of this information for programs and policy makers. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Population, Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life, 2004-09-08 As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care. This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2008 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, 2007 |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Population, Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life, 2004-10-16 In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Race, Ethnicity, and Health Thomas A. LaVeist, Lydia A. Isaac, 2012-09-26 Race, Ethnicity and Health, Second Edition, is a critical selection of hallmark articles that address health disparities in America. It effectively documents the need for equal treatment and equal health status for minorities. Intended as a resource for faculty and students in public health as well as the social sciences, it will be also be valuable to public health administrators and frontline staff who serve diverse racial and ethnic populations. The book brings together the best peer reviewed research literature from the leading scholars and faculty in this growing field, providing a historical and political context for the study of health, race, and ethnicity, with key findings on disparities in access, use, and quality. This volume also examines the role of health care providers in health disparities and discusses the issue of matching patients and doctors by race. New chapters cover: reflections on demographic changes in the US based on the current census; metrics and nomenclature for disparities; theories of genetic basis for disparities; the built environment; residential segregation; environmental health; occupational health; health disparities in integrated communities; Latino health; Asian populations; stress and health; physician/patient relationships; hospital treatment of minorities; the slavery hypertension hypothesis; geographic disparities; and intervention design. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: The Science of Health Disparities Research Irene Dankwa-Mullan, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Kevin L. Gardner, Xinzhi Zhang, Adelaida M. Rosario, 2021-03-16 Integrates the various disciplines of the science of health disparities in one comprehensive volume The Science of Health Disparities Research is an indispensable source of up-to-date information on clinical and translational health disparities science. Building upon the advances in health disparities research over the past decade, this authoritative volume informs policies and practices addressing the diseases, disorders, and gaps in health outcomes that are more prevalent in minority populations and socially disadvantaged communities. Contributions by recognized scholars and leaders in the field—featuring contemporary research, conceptual models, and a broad range of scientific perspectives—provide an interdisciplinary approach to reducing inequalities in population health, encouraging community engagement in the research process, and promoting social justice. In-depth chapters help readers better understand the specifics of minority health and health disparities while demonstrating the importance of advancing theory, refining measurement, improving investigative methods, and diversifying scientific research. In 26 chapters, the book examines topics including the etiology of health disparities research, the determinants of population health, research ethics, and research in African American, Asians, Latino, American Indian, and other vulnerable populations. Providing a unified framework on the principles and applications of the science of health disparities research, this important volume: Defines the field of health disparities science and suggests new directions in scholarship and research Explains basic definitions, principles, and concepts for identifying, understanding and addressing health disparities Provides guidance on both conducting health disparities research and translating the results Examines how social, historical and contemporary injustices may influence the health of racial and ethnic minorities Illustrates the increasing national and global importance of addressing health disparities Discusses population health training, capacity-building, and the transdisciplinary tools needed to advance health equity A significant contribution to the field, The Science of Health Disparities Research is an essential resource for students and basic and clinical researchers in genetics, population genetics, and public health, health care policymakers, and epidemiologists, medical students, and clinicians, particularly those working with minority, vulnerable, or underserved populations. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Community Mental Health Engagement with Racially Diverse Populations Alfiee M. Breland-Noble, 2020-05-22 Community Mental Health Engagement with Racially Diverse Populations summarizes research on reducing mental health disparities in underserved populations through community engagement programs. It discusses the efficacy of such programs with specific populations of people of color and cultures, for specific disorders, and via specific communities. It identifies how and why community engagement works with these populations, how best to set up new community programs, the steps and stakeholders to success, and includes case studies showing successes and the challenges involved. - Identifies how and why these programs achieve success through patient engagement - Explores efficacy with specific ethnicities and cultures - Discusses efficacy of programs through schools, churches, non-profits, and more - Includes case studies with their successes and challenges - Provides guidelines on the development and implementation of community programs |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Neighborhoods and Health Ichirō Kawachi, Lisa F. Berkman, 2003 Do places make a difference to people's health and wellbeing? This book presents a state-of-the-art account of the theories, methods, and empirical evidence linking neighbourhood conditions to population health. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Essentials of Global Community Health Jaime Gofin, Rosa Gofin, 2011 Health Sciences & Professions |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health Frances Dunn Butterfoss, 2007-05-01 Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health is a step-by-step guide for building durable coalitions to improve community and public health. This important resource provides an in-depth, analytical, and practical approach to building, sustaining, and nurturing these complex organizations. Author Frances Dunn Butterfoss includes all the tools for success in collaborative work from a research and practice-based stance. The book contains useful approaches to the issues, recommendations for action, resources for further study, and examples from actual coalition work. Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health explores Historical foundations of coalitions and partnerships Principles of collaboration and partnering Benefits and challenges of a coalition approach Coalition frameworks and models Cultivating coalition leadership Roles and responsibilities of coalition staff, leaders, and members Communication, decision-making, and problem-solving methods Vision, mission, and bylaws Effective marketing Planning for sustainability Approaches to assessment Developing strategic and action plans Implementing coalition strategies in the community Media advocacy, strategies, and tips Participatory coalition evaluation |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Handbook of Community-Based Participatory Research Steven S. Coughlin, Selina A. Smith, Maria E. Fernandez, 2017-01-11 Community-based participatory research (CBPR) emerged in response to the longstanding tradition of top-down research-studies in which social scientists observe social phenomena and community problems as outsiders, separate from the participants' daily lives. CBPR is more immersive, fostering partnerships between academic and community organizations that increase the value and consequence of the research for all partners. The current perspectives gleaned from this school of research have been wildly well-received, in no small part because they address the complexity of the human experience in their conclusions. HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH codifies the methods and theories of this research approach and articulates an expansive vision of health that includes gender equality, safe and adequate housing, and freedom from violence. Topic-based chapters apply the theory and methods of CBPR to real world problems affecting women, ethnic and racial minorities, and immigrant communities such as sexual violence, exposure to environmental toxins, and lack of access to preventive care as well as suggesting future directions for effective, culturally sensitive research. HANDBOOK OF COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH is required reading for academics, policy makers, and students seeking meaningful social change through scholarship. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Migration, Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies Raj S. Bhopal, 2013-12-19 The globalization of trade and increasing international travel and migration poses huge challenges for health practitioners and policy makers who have to meet legal and policy obligations to provide health care of equal quality and effectiveness for all. Migration, Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies provides an accessible introduction to the complex issues of race, ethnicity and minority populations. The book explains the process of migration and the uses and misuses of the key concepts of race and ethnicity, illustrating their strengths and weaknesses in epidemiology, policy making, health service planning, research, health care and health promotion. Including many examples from around the world to demonstrate the theory in a practical way, and written in a clear and straightforward style with all terminology explained, this is an ideal book for all students and professionals in the field of migration, ethnicity and race in the health care context. Bhopal's important and comprehensive Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies challenges us to achieve better health for ethnic minority populations... provides critical and thought-provoking insights into public health research and clinical practice with multi-ethnic populations. - The Lancet Professor Bhopal has produced an invaluable addition to the growing mountain of resources on ethnicity and health...One of the greatest merits of this text is that it is written by someone who has been involved in high-quality research on ethnicity and health in many contexts and for many years. The author therefore is able to draw upon first-hand experience or research with which he has been associated, as well as providing examples from other key players in the field. - Diversity in Health and Social Care |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Social Epidemiology Lisa F. Berkman, Ichiro Kawachi, 2000-03-09 This book shows the important links between social conditions and health and begins to describe the processes through which these health inequalities may be generated. It reviews a range of methodologies that could be used by health researchers in this field and proposes innovative future research directions. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Ethnicity, Race, and Disease Sourcebook, 1st Ed. James Chambers, 2020-02-01 Consumer health information about the sociological aspects of health with specific data about ethnicity, race and disease disparities among the U.S. population, genetic conditions specific to ethnic groups, and the differing risk factors associated with common diseases. Includes index, glossary of related terms, and other resources. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Federal Register , 1999-03-09 |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity Linwood H. Cousins, 2014-09-05 Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity is the first encyclopedia to reflect the changes in the mission of human services professionals as they face today’s increasingly diverse service population. Diversity encompasses a broad range of human differences, including differences in ability and disability, age, education level, ethnicity, gender, geographic origin, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic class, and values. Understanding the needs and problems of Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, the deaf, the blind, the LGBT community, and many other groups demands an up-to-date and cutting-edge reference. This three-volume encyclopedia provides human services students, professors, librarians, and practitioners the reference information they need to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse population. Features: 600 signed entries are organized A-to-Z across three volumes. Entries, authored by key figures in the field, conclude with cross references and further readings. A Reader’s Guide groups related articles within broad, thematic areas, such as aging, community mental health, family and child services, substance abuse, etc. A detailed index, the Reader’s Guide, and cross references combine for search-and-browse in the electronic version. A helpful Resource Guide guides students to classic books, journals, and web sites, and a glossary assists them with the terminology of the field. Available in both print and electronic formats, Encyclopedia of Human Services and Diversity is an ideal reference for students, practitioners, faculty and librarians. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Population Health for Nurses Diana R. Mager, DNP, RN-BC, Jaclyn Conelius, PhD, FNP-BC, FHRS, 2019-11-28 A nurse’s field guide to improving health outcomes for distinct patient populations This practical text is distinguished by its in-depth coverage of populations, ranging from opioidaddicted veterans to young children suffering from obesity. Focused on the educational needs of students in undergraduate and bridge programs, this book is grounded in evidence-based practice, in-depth content, and clinical case studies. Five sections address population health in the following settings: community-based care, home and rural health, school-based and primary care, medical home and palliative care, and acute and long-term care. Each section begins with an overview chapter addressing fundamental concepts, characteristic trends, expenditures, and critical considerations. Subsequent chapters provide descriptions of varied patient populations, relevant care settings, and examples of the RN’s role within each setting. Chapters conclude with a case study that illustrates a day in the life of a typical nurse, which includes assessment and evaluation of present symptoms, demographic information, social and environmental determinants, and medical background. Chapters also encompass advocacy and policy roles, care access, emergency preparedness, and community resiliency. Key Features: Focuses on the needs of students in undergraduate and bridge programs Provides specific examples and context using a “population of interest” approach Exposes nurses and future nurses to a multitude of diverse work settings Case studies are written from the nurse’s perspective Addresses current medical issues among populations with an emphasis on practical content application Grounded in evidence-based principles Clinical reasoning exercises (Q&As with rationales) and lists of key terms with definitions Supplemental Instructor’s PowerPoints included |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Community Health Equity Fernando De Maio, Raj C. Shah, MD, John Mazzeo, David A. Ansell, MD, 2019-03-29 Perhaps more than any other American city, Chicago has been a center for the study of both urban history and economic inequity. Community Health Equity assembles a century of research to show the range of effects that Chicago’s structural socioeconomic inequalities have had on patients and medical facilities alike. The work collected here makes clear that when a city is sharply divided by power, wealth, and race, the citizens who most need high-quality health care and social services have the greatest difficulty accessing them. Achieving good health is not simply a matter of making the right choices as an individual, the research demonstrates: it’s the product of large-scale political and economic forces. Understanding these forces, and what we can do to correct them, should be critical not only to doctors but to sociologists and students of the urban environment—and no city offers more inspiring examples for action to overcome social injustice in health than Chicago. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Community Development Approaches to Improving Public Health Robert S Ogilvie, 2013-09-13 As the rates of chronic diseases, like diabetes, asthma and obesity skyrocket, research is showing that the built environment – the way our cities and towns are developed – contributes to the epidemic rates of these diseases. It is unlikely that those who planned and developed these places envisioned these situations. Public health, community development planning, and other fields influencing the built environment have operated in isolation for much of recent history, with the result being places that public health advocates have labelled, ‘designed for disease’. The sad irony of this is that planning and public health arose together, in response to the need to create health standards, zoning and building codes to combat the infectious diseases that were prevalent in the industrializing cities of late nineteenth and early twentieth century America. In recent years, the dramatic rise in chronic disease rates in cities and towns has begun to bring public health and planning back together to promote development pattern and policies facilitating physical activity and neighbourly interactions as antidotes. In this book, a number of such community development efforts are highlighted, bringing attention to the need to coordinate planning, community development and health policy. This book was originally published as a special issue of Community Development. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Chronic Disease: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 Edition , 2012-12-10 Chronic Disease: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Chronic Disease. The editors have built Chronic Disease: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Chronic Disease in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Chronic Disease: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Health Equity K. Bryant Smalley, PhD, PsyD, MBA, Jacob C. Warren, PhD, MBA, CRA, M. Isabel Fernandez, PhD, 2020-07-18 Health Equity: A Solutions-Focused Approach is a comprehensive textbook that illustrates existing conditions of health disparities across a range of populations in the United States, positions those disparities within the broader sociopolitical framework that leads to their existence, and most importantly, presents specific ways in which health equity solutions can be designed and implemented. Presenting current theoretical foundations, cultural context, and evidence-based models and interventions all in one, this textbook provides students with the basis to achieve greater health equity in their communities. Edited by award-winning authors and featuring contributions from diverse experts in public health, sociology, psychology, and medicine, this groundbreaking text goes beyond a traditional approach to risk factors and disparities and emphasizes the central role that health equity initiatives must play in public health research and practice. The book is divided into three sections, with Section I focusing on providing the context of health equity research and practice. Chapters are structured in such a way that both new and experienced students in the field will develop a deeper understanding of topics such as prejudice and discrimination; frameworks and theories; and research and collaboration approaches. Section II addresses the current knowledge of specific populations impacted by issues related to health equity, including African American, Latinx and Hispanic, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, LGBTQ, Veteran, People with Disabilities, and many more. Authored or co-authored by members of the community being discussed, each of these chapters summarizes how health disparities impact the group, ongoing population-specific models of disparities and equity, emerging programs for achieving health equity, coverage of the most relevant aspects of intersectionality, and concluding exercises such as case studies and current events. Section III then highlights the role of cultural humility in achieving health equity. With its solutions-focused and community-affirming approach, Health Equity provides graduate and undergraduate students of public health with evidence-based models to help advance health through diversity, inclusion, and social justice. Key Features: Origins and Theories – Discusses the sociocultural and political origins of health disparities and the major theories that underlie an understanding of health equity Solutions-Focused – Describes emerging models and gives best practices in designing new programs Diverse Population Coverage – Provides historical context, sociocultural dynamics, and population-specific evidence-based programs from the voices of the communities being discussed Intersectionality Perspective – Highlights the role that overlapping and interdependent identities play in promoting health equity and the interventions that build from this perspective Case Studies and Real-World Examples – Demonstrates how to apply health equity improvement approaches in different contexts eBook access –Included with print purchase for use on most mobile devices or computers Instructor’s Packet – With an Instructor’s Manual, PowerPoint slides, Test Bank, and a Sample Syllabus |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2007 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, 2006 |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Handbook of Life Course Health Development Neal Halfon, Christopher B. Forrest, Richard M. Lerner, Elaine M. Faustman, 2017-11-20 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Social Injustice and Public Health Barry S. Levy, Heather L. McStowe, 2019 An invaluable primer on how inequity breeds ill health -New England Journal of Medicine AN ESSENTIAL WORK ON SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH, NOW UPDATED AND EXPANDED This newly revised edition of the classic text is a comprehensive, up-to-date resource for understanding and addressing the profound impacts of social injustice on public health. Across chapters from experts in health and medicine, readers learn to recognize both the threads of inequity and the health impacts they produce. The result is illuminating and essential reading for students and professionals in public health. Enriched with photographs and case examples and featuring contributions from the luminaries whose work helped define the field, Social Injustice and Public Health is a foundational text for understanding and addressing today's biggest challenges in health. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Vulnerable Populations in the United States Leiyu Shi, Gregory D. Stevens, 2010-11-17 Based on the authors' teaching and research at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, the second edition of this landmark text offers a general framework for students, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers for learning about vulnerable populations. It contains in-depth data and information on major health and health care disparities by race or ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and health insurance coverage. It is thoroughly updated to include the latest data and trends and provides a detailed synthesis of recent and increasingly expansive programs and initiatives to remedy these disparities. To keep current with recent trends it incorporates the latest Healthy People 2020 objectives, includes new sections on real-world clinical examples, and discusses the impact of health care reform on vulnerable populations. The book's Web site includes instructor's materials that may be downloaded. Praise for the First Edition of Vulnerable Populations in the United States An excellent primer for undergraduates and graduate students interested in vulnerable populations and health disparities. —New England Journal of Medicine Combines thoughtful, coherent theory with a large amount of information available in a single source. It will prove to be a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, teachers, and students alike for years to come. —Journal of the American Medical Association A very worthwhile read for health care administrators, health policy analysts, public health and health promotion practitioners, students of public health, and health researchers. —Inquiry It makes clear that, for political, social, and economic (as well as moral) reasons, the country must increasingly make vulnerable populations a national health policy priority. —Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved I have reviewed a number of books looking for meaningful content to help my students understand and work with vulnerable populations. This is the most comprehensive, yet understandable book on the topic. —Doody's Reviews Provides much-needed guidance to policymakers challenged with providing solutions to this embarrassing issue in the United States. —F. Douglas Scutchfield, MD, Peter P. Bosomworth Professor of Health Services Research and Policy, University of Kentucky Companion Web site: www.josseybass.com/go/shi |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: An Introduction to Health Policy Manish K. Sethi, William H. Frist, 2013-08-04 Based on the current climate of our nation’s finances and healthcare spending, it is clear that young doctors and medical students are likely to see a dramatic transformation of the manner in which America offers medical care to its citizens over the course of their careers. As such, it is pivotal that the next generation of America’s leaders on the front lines of medicine develop a sense of where healthcare has evolved from and future potential directions of change. An Introduction to Health Policy: A Primer for Physicians and Medical Students is the first of its kind: a book written by doctors for doctors in order to allow busy physicians and medical students to quickly develop an understanding of the key issues facing American healthcare. This book seeks to efficiently and effectively educate physicians and medical students in a clinical context that they can understand on the past, present, and potential future issues in healthcare policy and the evolution of American healthcare. The reader will walk away from the book with the ability to discuss the fundamental issues in American healthcare with ease. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Public/Community Health and Nursing Practice Christine L Savage, 2019-09-20 This unique, problem-solving, case-based approach shows you how. You’ll encounter different case studies in every chapter—that explore concepts such as community assessments, public health policy, and surveillance. Step by step, you’ll develop the knowledge and skills you need to apply public health principles across a variety of health care settings, special populations, and scenarios. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Public Health Leadership Richard Callahan, Dru Bhattacharya, 2017-02-24 Designed for professionals and aspiring professionals in public policy, public health, and related programs, Public Health Leadership illustrates the complexity of contemporary issues at the intersection of public health and healthcare and the compelling need to engage numerous public and private stakeholders to effectively advance population health. Offering real-world case studies and cutting-edge topics in public health and healthcare, this book will complement existing primers and introductory books in public health to help students and practitioners bridge concepts and practice. The work is divided into three parts that focus on the new role of public health departments, emerging challenges and opportunities following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), and recent trends in innovation and investment. Each chapter is practice-oriented to provide insight into the changing landscape of public health while offering practical tips based on the experiences and expertise of leading practitioners. Topics include cross-sector partnership-building, innovations in investment strategies, public health operations, performance management, advances in big data tracking, and more that address the social determinants of health and improve population health. Cases draw on a wide range of perspectives and regions, encouraging the reader, whether a professional or student, to apply the lessons learned to one’s local context. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Justice for All Norman J. Johnson, James H Svara, 2015-02-12 Justice for All is the first book that provides a comprehensive examination of social equity in American public administration. The breadth of coverage--theory, context, history, implications in policy studies, applications to practice, and an action agernda--cannot be found anywhere else. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Solving Population Health Problems through Collaboration Ron Bialek, Leslie M. Beitsch, John W. Moran, 2017-03-27 Rapid changes in healthcare and public health offer tremendous opportunities to focus on process improvement. Public health departments and agencies increasingly work collaboratively with hospitals and other community partners to promote knowledge and improve collective impact through public and private sector coalitions. Solving Population Health Problems through Collaboration brings together population health experts and leaders to examine evidence-based intervention strategies, case studies in health departments and hospitals, health equity issues, core competencies, public health campaigns, step-by-step collaboration advice, and much more. Each chapter is written by a population health leader shaped by his or her experience implementing change in a community’s health, to demonstrate innovative methods and tools for building and leading sustainable community coalitions to effect real change. Designed to prepare population health workers in public health and healthcare settings to develop strategies for improved population health, this book is required reading for public health managers and health administrators as well as students enrolled in population health courses. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Race Policy and Multiracial Americans Kathleen Odell Korgen, 2016-01-13 Race Policy and Multiracial Americans looks at the impact of multiracial people on race policies—where they lag behind the growing numbers of multiracial people in the USA and how they can be used to promote racial justice. This much-needed book is essential reading for anyone interested in race relations and social justice. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Multicultural Neurorehabilitation Jay M. Uomoto, PhD, 2015-09-08 Designing rehabilitation programs for patients who have suffered brain injury or disease is one of the core functions of clinical neuropsychologists. Ironically, the more that neuropsychologists have learned about the functional anatomy of the brain, the more they have realized how important the variable of culture is, not only in the expression of deficits, but in implementation of treatment programs. After all, tumors, strokes, and traumatic brain injuries do not just affect the brain, they affect a person who is a member of a particular family that has a particular ethno-cultural background. The interpersonal context of the brain disorder affects not only how injury or trauma is expressed, but how the patient and family deals with medical professionals and how rehabilitation programs must be tailored to ensure effectiveness. Uomoto and Wong are two of the top clinical neuropsychologists interested in issues of cross-cultural assessment and intervention and this book, the first of its kind, will serve as a general guidebook on the key issues surrounding multicultural rehabilitation for a wide range of health care professionals. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 2011 |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Issues in Aging Mark Novak, 2015-07-22 Opportunities and optimism in Aging. Issues in Aging, 3rd edition takes an optimistic view of aging and human potential in later life. This book presents the most up-to-date facts on aging today, the issues raised by these facts, and the societal and individual responses that will create a successful old age for us all. Mark Novak presents the full picture of aging--exhibiting both the problems and the opportunities that accompany older age. The text illustrates how generations are dependent on one another and how social conditions affect both the individual and social institutions. Learning Goals -Upon completing this book, readers will be able to: -Understand how large-scale social issues--social attitudes, the study of aging, and demographic issues--affect individuals and social institutions -Identify the political responses to aging and how individuals can create a better old age for themselves and the people they know -Separate the myths from the realities of aging -Recognize the human side of aging -Trace the transformation of pension plans, health, and opportunities for personal expression and social engagement to the new ecology of aging today |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: The Care of the Uninsured in America Nancy J. Johnson, Lane P. Johnson, 2009-10-27 As Dr. Cullen’s chapter on information technology points out, what is required is not just a new electronic system that follows the patients, but a new language that creates and defines a system that can appropriately care for the patient. What we design for the complexities of caring for the medically underserved can serve as model for caring for everyone in this country. Many innovative, bold, and wonderful solutions have been developed as local/ regional models. As communities and states we can learn from, and support, each other. But the local models are not, by and large, self-sustaining. Ultimately, so- tions to the lack of medical insurance in this country will require a national persp- tive, and federal funding. That is part of the work we all must do, and Dr. Dalen’s chapter points out some of the possibilities and pitfalls other countries have experienced. When I wonder how the system we have hasn’t already collapsed from its own weight, I just need to look at the people working within it. Healthcare is a service industry, and we have been blessed with professionals who understand and live the concept of service in their daily lives, who go the extra mile for the patient despite the vagaries, the barriers, and the sometimes mean spiritedness of the organi- tional infrastructure. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Applied Population Health Approaches for Asian American Communities Simona C. Kwon, Chau Trinh-Shevrin, Nadia S. Islam, Stella S. Yi, 2022-10-27 An insightful text exploring health disparities in Asian American populations In the newly revised Second Edition of Applied Population Health Approaches for Asian American Communities, a team of distinguished public health experts delivers a groundbreaking resource providing an in-depth examination of the soical, political, economic, and cultural forces shaping Asian American health today. Integrating up-to-date applied public health research for assessing health interventions and programs relevant to Asian American communities and other groups that have been historically marginalized, this book highlights the different frameworks, research designs, and other methodological considerations for reaching Asian American and other ethnic communities. In the latest edition of the book, readers will find contextual explorations of the Asian American population in the United States, as well as discussions of the measurement of health and risk across the lifespan in Asian American groups. It also includes: New and updated case studies showcasing the application of different frameworks and research designs Methodological considerations for reaching Asian American and other vulnerable and underserved communities Examples of successful implementations of community engagement and community-based participatory research. A valuable resource for all levels of health professionals, practitioners, and community advocates, Applied Population Health Approaches for Asian American Communities remains the leading reference for anyone conducting or studying health disparities in Asian American communities or other groups that have been marginalized. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Cancer Nursing Connie Henke Yarbro, Michelle Goodman, Margaret Hansen Frogge, 2005 Rapid changes in oncology necessitate a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for oncology nurses. For seventeen years, best-selling Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice has filled this need, supplying oncology nurses with cutting-edge, current information. Now, in its Sixth Edition, Cancer Nursing reflects the constantly shifting progress in the science of oncology, as well as emerging new therapies, new treatment modalities, the latest results from clinical trials, updates on new chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies, and new perspectives on supportive care. |
| racial and ethnic approaches to community health: Achieving Equity in Neurological Practice Bruce Ovbiagele, |
