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The Symbiotic Symphony: Unveiling the Rhizobium Bacteria and Soybean Plant Relationship
Introduction:
Have you ever wondered how soybeans, a cornerstone of global agriculture and a vital source of protein, manage to thrive in nutrient-poor soils? The answer lies in a remarkable partnership – a symbiotic relationship between the soybean plant and a fascinating group of bacteria called Rhizobium. This post delves deep into this incredible interaction, exploring the intricate mechanisms, mutual benefits, and the profound impact it has on agriculture and the environment. We'll unravel the science behind this natural marvel, highlighting the crucial role Rhizobium plays in nitrogen fixation and soybean growth, ultimately impacting food security worldwide. Prepare to be amazed by the microscopic world that fuels one of the world's most important crops.
1. Understanding Rhizobium Bacteria: Tiny Titans of Nitrogen Fixation
Rhizobium bacteria are soil-dwelling microorganisms belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria class. These aren't just any bacteria; they're nitrogen-fixing powerhouses. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth, vital for building proteins and nucleic acids. However, atmospheric nitrogen (N2), which makes up about 78% of the air, is unavailable to plants in its gaseous form. This is where Rhizobium steps in. They possess the unique ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form – ammonia (NH3) – a process known as biological nitrogen fixation. This transformation is crucial because it makes nitrogen accessible to plants, significantly enhancing their growth and productivity. Different strains of Rhizobium are specific to different plant species; Rhizobium species such as Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae are associated with peas and other legumes, while Bradyrhizobium japonicum (often grouped with Rhizobium) forms a symbiotic relationship with soybeans.
2. The Soybean Plant: A Partner in the Nitrogen-Fixing Process
Soybean plants ( Glycine max) are legumes, a family of plants known for their ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Unlike many other plants, soybeans don't rely solely on the soil for their nitrogen supply. They actively recruit Rhizobium bacteria to form specialized structures called root nodules. These nodules are not just random growths; they are highly organized structures optimized for nitrogen fixation. The soybean plant provides the bacteria with a protected environment and the carbohydrates they need for energy, while the bacteria deliver the essential nitrogen. This intricate exchange is a testament to the efficiency of symbiotic relationships in nature.
3. Nodule Formation: A Step-by-Step Guide to Symbiosis
The formation of root nodules is a complex process involving intricate signaling between the soybean plant and Rhizobium bacteria. It begins with the recognition of Rhizobium by the soybean roots. Specific molecules produced by both partners initiate a series of events that lead to the curling and invasion of root hairs by the bacteria. Once inside, the bacteria differentiate into specialized nitrogen-fixing cells called bacteroids. These bacteroids reside within the plant cells of the developing nodule, surrounded by a protective layer. The nodule itself becomes a miniature nitrogen factory, converting atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is then transported throughout the soybean plant. This meticulous choreography demonstrates the high level of coordination between two vastly different organisms.
4. The Benefits of the Rhizobium-Soybean Symbiosis
The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and soybeans is mutually beneficial. Soybeans gain access to a readily available source of nitrogen, boosting their growth, yield, and overall health. This reduced reliance on nitrogen fertilizers minimizes environmental impact by reducing the need for energy-intensive industrial nitrogen production, which is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, Rhizobium benefits from a stable environment, a constant supply of carbohydrates, and protection from harsh conditions. This symbiotic partnership is a masterpiece of nature's engineering, demonstrating the power of cooperation in the natural world.
5. The Impact on Agriculture and Sustainability
The Rhizobium-soybean symbiosis has profound implications for sustainable agriculture. By reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, this natural process contributes to reduced environmental pollution, lowers production costs for farmers, and enhances the overall sustainability of soybean production. Understanding and optimizing this relationship is key to increasing crop yields and improving food security, especially in regions with limited access to chemical fertilizers. Research continues to focus on improving the efficiency of this symbiosis, developing strains of Rhizobium that are more effective at nitrogen fixation, and enhancing the ability of soybean plants to form robust nodules.
6. Future Research and Applications
Ongoing research into the Rhizobium-soybean interaction explores several avenues: genetic engineering to enhance nitrogen fixation efficiency, developing strategies to improve nodule formation under stress conditions (drought, salinity), and identifying novel Rhizobium strains with superior performance. This knowledge can translate into the development of more sustainable and resilient agricultural practices, contributing to global food security and environmental protection. The potential applications of this research extend beyond soybeans to other legume crops, offering a pathway toward more environmentally friendly and efficient agriculture globally.
Article Outline:
Title: The Symbiotic Symphony: Unveiling the Rhizobium Bacteria and Soybean Plant Relationship
Introduction: Hook the reader and provide a brief overview of the topic.
Chapter 1: Understanding Rhizobium Bacteria: Detail the characteristics and role of Rhizobium in nitrogen fixation.
Chapter 2: The Soybean Plant's Role: Explain the soybean plant's contribution to the symbiotic relationship.
Chapter 3: Nodule Formation: Describe the intricate process of nodule development.
Chapter 4: Mutual Benefits: Highlight the advantages for both the bacteria and the plant.
Chapter 5: Agricultural and Environmental Impact: Discuss the significance for sustainable agriculture.
Chapter 6: Future Research and Applications: Explore ongoing research and potential applications.
Conclusion: Summarize key findings and reiterate the importance of the relationship.
FAQs: Answer frequently asked questions.
Related Articles: List related articles with brief descriptions.
(The body of the article above fulfills this outline.)
FAQs:
1. Are all Rhizobium species compatible with all soybean plants? No, different Rhizobium strains exhibit specificity for different legume species. Bradyrhizobium japonicum is the primary Rhizobium species associated with soybeans.
2. How does the soybean plant benefit from the relationship? Soybeans receive a readily available supply of fixed nitrogen, crucial for growth and yield, reducing their reliance on nitrogen fertilizers.
3. What are the environmental benefits of this symbiotic relationship? It reduces the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution.
4. How is nitrogen fixed in the root nodules? The bacteroids within the nodules contain the enzyme nitrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).
5. Can the efficiency of nitrogen fixation be improved? Yes, ongoing research focuses on improving the efficiency of nitrogen fixation through genetic engineering and strain selection.
6. What factors can affect nodule formation? Factors such as soil pH, nutrient availability, and environmental stress (drought, salinity) can influence nodule formation.
7. Are there any downsides to the Rhizobium-soybean symbiosis? While largely beneficial, some Rhizobium strains may be less efficient than others, and certain environmental conditions can hinder nodule formation.
8. How does the soybean plant provide energy to the Rhizobium bacteria? The soybean plant provides carbohydrates, produced through photosynthesis, to the bacteria as a source of energy.
9. Is this symbiotic relationship unique to soybeans? No, this type of symbiotic nitrogen fixation is common among legumes, but the specific Rhizobium species varies depending on the legume host.
Related Articles:
1. The Role of Legumes in Sustainable Agriculture: Discusses the broader impact of legumes and their nitrogen-fixing abilities on sustainable farming practices.
2. Nitrogen Fixation: A Detailed Overview: Provides a comprehensive explanation of the biological nitrogen fixation process, its importance, and the various organisms involved.
3. Improving Soybean Yields Through Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation: Focuses on research and strategies aimed at improving the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in soybeans.
4. The Genetics of Nodule Formation: Delves into the genetic mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the development of root nodules.
5. Environmental Factors Affecting Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis: Explores how environmental stressors impact the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and legumes.
6. Sustainable Fertilizer Management in Soybean Production: Examines alternative approaches to fertilizer application, highlighting the role of biological nitrogen fixation.
7. The Economic Impact of Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Analyzes the economic benefits of biological nitrogen fixation for farmers and the agricultural sector.
8. Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere: Explores the diverse microbial communities associated with plant roots and their impact on plant health and nutrition.
9. Biotechnology and Its Role in Enhancing Nitrogen Fixation: Discusses the application of biotechnology in improving nitrogen fixation efficiency through genetic engineering.
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Biology of the Nitrogen Cycle Hermann Bothe, Stuart Ferguson, William E. Newton, 2006-12-04 This edition is for special sale to ESF-COST only. Special cover and front matter printed. Otherwise the contents are the same as ISBN 0444528571/9780444528575. Be aware: this is an adjusted version of 9780444528575. This version is called the COST version. Prelims and cover will have to be printed seperately |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants Yona Chen, Y. Hadar, 1991-03-31 Many agricultural crops worldwide, especially in semi-arid climates, suffer from iron deficiencies. Among plants sensitive to iron deficiency are apples, avocado, bananas, barley, beans, citrus, cotton, grapes, peanuts, pecans, potatoes, sorghum, soybeans, and numerous ornamental plants. Deficiencies are usually recognized by chlorotic, in new leaves and are typically found among sensitive crops grown in calcareous or yellowed, interveinal areas soils which cover over 30% of the earth's land surface. Iron deficiency may lead, in extreme cases, to complete crop failure. In intensive agriculture on calcareous soils, iron often becomes a major limiting nutrient for optimal crop production, thus, correction of iron deficiency is required. Various chemicals and practices are available. They are, however, costly and do not always result in a complete remedy of the deficiency. Crucial questions relative to the cost-benefit equation such as the recovery rate of plants and the long-term fertilizing effect have not yet been resolved. The complexity of iron nutrition problems requires an understanding of the chemistry of iron oxides in soils, of the chemistry of both natural and synthetic chelates, of rhizosphere microbiology and biochemistry, and of the physiological involvement of the plant in iron uptake and transport. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Handbook for Rhizobia Padma Somasegaran, Heinz J. Hoben, 2012-12-06 Rhizobia are bacteria which inhabit the roots of plants in the pea family and fix atmospheric nitrogen for plant growth. They are thus of enormous economic importance internationally and the subject of intense research interest. Handbook for Rhizobia is a monumental book of practical methods for working with these bacteria and their plant hosts. Topics include the general microbiological properties of rhizobia and their identification, their potential as symbionts, methods for inoculating rhizobia onto plants, and molecular genetics methods for Rhizobium in the laboratory. The book will be invaluable to Rhizobium scientists, soil microbiologists, field and laboratory researchers at agricultural research centers, agronomists, and crop scientists. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: A Comprehensive Survey of International Soybean Research - Genetics, Physiology, Agronomy and Nitrogen Relationships James E. Board, 2013 Soybean is the most important oilseed and livestock feed crop in the world. These dual uses are attributed to the crop's high protein content (nearly 40% of seed weight) and oil content (approximately 20%); characteristics that are not rivaled by any other agronomic crop. Across the 10-year period from 2001 to 2010, world soybean production increased from 168 to 258 million metric tons (54% increase). Against the backdrop of soybean's striking ascendancy is increased research interest in the crop throughout the world. Information in this book presents a comprehensive view of research efforts in genetics, plant physiology, agronomy, agricultural economics, and nitrogen relationships that will benefit soybean stakeholders and scientists throughout the world. We hope you enjoy the book. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Physiology of Woody Plants Stephen G. Pallardy, 2010-07-20 Woody plants such as trees have a significant economic and climatic influence on global economies and ecologies. This completely revised classic book is an up-to-date synthesis of the intensive research devoted to woody plants published in the second edition, with additional important aspects from the authors' previous book, Growth Control in Woody Plants. Intended primarily as a reference for researchers, the interdisciplinary nature of the book makes it useful to a broad range of scientists and researchers from agroforesters, agronomists, and arborists to plant pathologists and soil scientists. This third edition provides crutial updates to many chapters, including: responses of plants to elevated CO2; the process and regulation of cambial growth; photoinhibition and photoprotection of photosynthesis; nitrogen metabolism and internal recycling, and more. Revised chapters focus on emerging discoveries of the patterns and processes of woody plant physiology.* The only book to provide recommendations for the use of specific management practices and experimental procedures and equipment*Updated coverage of nearly all topics of interest to woody plant physiologists* Extensive revisions of chapters relating to key processes in growth, photosynthesis, and water relations* More than 500 new references * Examples of molecular-level evidence incorporated in discussion of the role of expansion proteins in plant growth; mechanism of ATP production by coupling factor in photosynthesis; the role of cellulose synthase in cell wall construction; structure-function relationships for aquaporin proteins |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Fulai Liu, David Burritt, Masayuki Fujita, Bingru Huang, 2020-01-22 Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants provides the latest, in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of stress and cross-stress tolerance in plants. Plants growing under field conditions are constantly exposed, either sequentially or simultaneously, to many abiotic or biotic stress factors. As a result, many plants have developed unique strategies to respond to ever-changing environmental conditions, enabling them to monitor their surroundings and adjust their metabolic systems to maintain homeostasis. Recently, priming mediated stress and cross-stress tolerance (i.e., greater tolerance to a second, stronger stress after exposure to a different, milder primary stress) have attracted considerable interest within the scientific community as potential means of stress management and for producing stress-resistant crops to aid global food security. Priming-Mediated Stress and Cross-Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants comprehensively reviews the physiological, biochemical, and molecular basis of cross-tolerance phenomena, allowing researchers to develop strategies to enhance crop productivity under stressful conditions and to utilize natural resources more efficiently. The book is a valuable asset for plant and agricultural scientists in corporate or government environments, as well as educators and advanced students looking to promote future research into plant stress tolerance. - Provides comprehensive information for developing multiple stress-tolerant crop varieties - Includes in-depth physiological, biochemical, and molecular information associated with cross-tolerance - Includes contribution from world-leading cross-tolerance research group - Presents color images and diagrams for effective communication of key concepts |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Advances in Biology and Ecology of Nitrogen Fixation Takuji Ohyama, 2014-01-29 Biological nitrogen fixation has essential role in N cycle in global ecosystem. Several types of nitrogen fixing bacteria are recognized: the free-living bacteria in soil or water; symbiotic bacteria making root nodules in legumes or non-legumes; associative nitrogen fixing bacteria that resides outside the plant roots and provides fixed nitrogen to the plants; endophytic nitrogen fixing bacteria living in the roots, stems and leaves of plants. In this book there are 11 chapters related to biological nitrogen fixation, regulation of legume-rhizobium symbiosis, and agriculture and ecology of biological nitrogen fixation, including new models for autoregulation of nodulation in legumes, endophytic nitrogen fixation in sugarcane or forest trees, etc. Hopefully, this book will contribute to biological, ecological, and agricultural sciences. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Technical Handbook on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1993 General information on the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Isolation, identification and counting of rhizobia. Production of an inoculant and inoculation of legumes. Experiments. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Molecular Aspects of Plant Beneficial Microbes in Agriculture Vivek Sharma, Richa Salwan, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Al-Ani, 2020-03-12 Molecular Aspects of Plant Beneficial Microbes in Agriculture explores their diverse interactions, including the pathogenic and symbiotic relationship which leads to either a decrease or increase in crop productivity. Focusing on these environmentally-friendly approaches, the book explores their potential in changing climatic conditions. It presents the exploration and regulation of beneficial microbes in offering sustainable and alternative solutions to the use of chemicals in agriculture. The beneficial microbes presented here are capable of contributing to nutrient balance, growth regulators, suppressing pathogens, orchestrating immune response and improving crop performance. The book also offers insights into the advancements in DNA technology and bioinformatic approaches which have provided in-depth knowledge about the molecular arsenal involved in mineral uptake, nitrogen fixation, growth promotion and biocontrol attributes. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Root Nodules of Legumes F. J. Bergersen, 1982 Nitrogen fixation in intact nodulated plants; Anatomy and structure of nodules; Properties of N2-fixing nodules: studies with intact of sliced detached nodules; Bacterioids; Functions of host cells in nodules; Leghaemoglobin; Integrated metabolism in nodules. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Recent Advancement in Microbial Biotechnology Surajit de Mandal, Ajit Kumar Passari, 2021-08-14 The rapid increase in microbial resources along with the development of biotechnological methods has revolutionized the field of microbial biotechnology. Genome characterization methods and metagenomic approaches further illustrate the role of microorganisms in various fields of research. Recent Advancement in Microbial Biotechnology: Agricultural and Industrial Approach provides an overview on the recent application of the microorganisms in agricultural and industrial improvements. The purpose of this book is to integrate all these diverse areas of research in a common platform. Recent advancement in Microbial Biotechnology targets researchers from both academia and industry, professors and graduate students working in molecular biology, microbiology and biotechnology. - Gives insight in the exploration of microbial functional diversity in different systems - Highlights important microbes and their role in enhancing agricultural productivity - Provides understanding to the basics with advance information of microbial biotechnology - Explores the importance of microbial genomes studies in agricultural and industrial applications |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Beneficial Plant-microbial Interactions M. Belén Rodelas González, Jesús Gonzalez-Lopez, 2016-04-19 Beneficial Plant-microbial Interactions: Ecology and Applications provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the interactions of plants and microbes, the ecological relevance and roles of these symbioses, the adaptive mechanisms of plant-associated microorganisms to abiotic stress and their contribution to plant stress tolerance, and the poten |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology N. Amaresan, M. Senthil Kumar, K. Annapurna, Krishna Kumar, A. Sankaranarayanan, 2020-05-14 Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi is a complete resource on the agriculturally important beneficial microflora used in agricultural production technologies. Included are 30 different bacterial genera relevant in the sustainability, mechanisms, and beneficial natural processes that enhance soil fertility and plant growth. The second part of the book discusses 23 fungal genera used in agriculture for the management of plant diseases and plant growth promotion. Covering a wide range of bacteria and fungi on biocontrol and plant growth promoting properties, the book will help researchers, academics and advanced students in agro-ecology, plant microbiology, pathology, entomology, and nematology. - Presents a comprehensive collection of agriculturally important bacteria and fungi - Provides foundational knowledge of each core organism utilized in agro-ecology - Identifies the genera of agriculturally important microorganisms |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Microbial Symbioses Sebastien Duperron, 2016-11-30 Plants and animals have evolved ever since their appearance in a largely microbial world. Their own cells are less numerous than the microorganisms that they host and with whom they interact closely. The study of these interactions, termed microbial symbioses, has benefited from the development of new conceptual and technical tools. We are gaining an increasing understanding of the functioning, evolution and central importance of symbiosis in the biosphere. Since the origin of eukaryotic cells, microscopic organisms of our planet have integrated our very existence into their ways of life. The interaction between host and symbiont brings into question the notion of the individual and the traditional representation of the evolution of species, and the manipulation of symbioses facilitates fascinating new perspectives in biotechnology and health. Recent discoveries show that association is one of the main properties of organisms, making a more integrated view of biology necessary. Microbial Symbioses provides a deliberately symbiocentric outlook, to exhibit how the exploration of microbial symbioses enriches our understanding of life, and the potential future for this discipline. - Offers a concise summary of the most recent discoveries in the field - Shows how symbiosis is acquiring a central role in the biology of the 21st century by transforming our understanding of living things - Presents scientific issues, but also societal and economic related issues (biodiversity, biotechnology) through examples from all branches of the tree of life |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: The Flagellar World Shin-Ichi Aizawa, 2013-12-16 The Flagellar World is a unique publication. The product of years of research and data collection by the author, this book is a pictorial guide to flagella in a variety of organisms. Each EM image is accompanied by a short description of the system in each organism. These never-before-seen pictures represent a wide variety of flagella, including Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and many others. Researchers in microbiology, immunology, and parasitology will find this a fascinating and useful resource. - A unique publication with many never before seen EM images of flagella - A historical document of years of research on flagella - Fills a specific niche that shows flagella in several varied organisms |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics Pedro A. Sanchez, 2019-01-10 Long-awaited second edition of classic textbook, brought completely up to date, for courses on tropical soils, and reference for scientists and professionals. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites Jean-Michel Mérillon, Kishan Gopal Ramawat, 2020-02-24 This Reference Work is devoted to plant secondary metabolites and their evolutionary adaptation to different hosts and pests. Secondary metabolites play an important biological role in plants’ defence against herbivores, abiotic stresses and pathogens, and they also attract beneficial organisms such as pollinators. In this work, readers will find a comprehensive review of the phytochemical diversity, modification and adaptation of secondary metabolites, and the consequences of their co-evolution with plant parasites, pollinators, and herbivores. Chapters from expert contributors are organised into twelve sections that collate the current knowledge in intra-/inter-specific diversity in plant secondary metabolites, changes in secondary metabolites during plants’ adaptation to different environmental conditions, and co-evolution of host-parasite metabolites. Among the twelve themed parts, readers will also discover expert analysis on the genetics and chemical ecology evolution of secondary metabolites, and particular attention is also given to allelochemicals, bioactive molecules in plant defence and the evolution of sensory perception in vertebrates. This reference work will appeal to students, researchers and professionals interested in the field of plant pathology, plant breeding, biotechnology, agriculture and phytochemistry. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: The Rhizobiaceae Herman P. Spaink, Adam Kondorosi, Paul J.J. Hooykaas, 2012-12-06 The Rhizobiaceae, Molecular Biology of Model Plant-Associated Bacteria. This book gives a comprehensive overview on our present molecular biological knowledge about the Rhizobiaceae, which currently can be called the best-studied family of soil bacteria. For many centuries they have attracted the attention of scientists because of their capacity to associate with plants and as a consequence also to specifically modify plant development. Some of these associations are beneficial for the plant, as is the case for the Rhizobiaceae subgroups collectively called rhizobia, which are able to fix nitrogen in a symbiosis with the plant hosts. This symbiosis results in the fonnation of root or stem nodules, as illustrated on the front cover. In contrast, several Rhizobiaceae subgroups can negatively affect plant development and evoke plant diseases. Examples are Agrobacterium tumefaciens andA. rhizogenes which induce the formation of crown galls or hairy roots on the stems of their host plants, respectively (bottom panels on front cover). In addition to the obvious importance of studies on the Rhizobiaceae for agronomy, this research field has resulted in the discovery of many fundamental scientific principles of general interest, which are highlighted in this book. To mention three examples: (i) the discovery of DNA transfer of A. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Plant Microbe Symbiosis Ajit Varma, Swati Tripathi, Ram Prasad, 2020-04-01 This book provides an overview of the latest advances concerning symbiotic relationships between plants and microbes, and their applications in plant productivity and agricultural sustainability. Symbiosis is a living phenomenon including dynamic variations in the genome, metabolism and signaling network, and adopting a multidirectional perspective on their interactions is required when studying symbiotic organisms. Although various plant-microbe symbiotic systems are covered in this book, it especially focuses on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis and root nodule symbiosis, the two most prevalent systems. AM symbiosis involves the most extensive interaction between plants and microbes, in the context of phylogeny and ecology. As more than 90% of all known species of plants have the potential to form mycorrhizal associations, the productivity and species composition, as well as the diversity of natural ecosystems, are frequently dependent upon the presence and activity of mycorrhizas. In turn, root nodule symbiosis includes morphogenesis and is formed by communication between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The biotechnological application of plant–microbe symbiosis is expected to foster the production of agricultural and horticultural products while maintaining ecologically and economically sustainable production systems. Designed as a hands-on guide, this book offers an essential resource for researchers and students in the areas of agri-biotechnology, soil biology and fungal biology. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Encyclopedia of Microbiology , 2009-01-14 Available as an exclusive product with a limited print run, Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 3e, is a comprehensive survey of microbiology, edited by world-class researchers. Each article is written by an expert in that specific domain and includes a glossary, list of abbreviations, defining statement, introduction, further reading and cross-references to other related encyclopedia articles. Written at a level suitable for university undergraduates, the breadth and depth of coverage will appeal beyond undergraduates to professionals and academics in related fields. 16 separate areas of microbiology covered for breadth and depth of content Extensive use of figures, tables, and color illustrations and photographs Language is accessible for undergraduates, depth appropriate for scientists Links to original journal articles via Crossref 30% NEW articles and 4-color throughout – NEW! |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Gasotransmitters in Plants Lorenzo Lamattina, Carlos García-Mata, 2016-09-01 This book describes the three gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) and their function as intracellular signalling molecules in plants. Common properties are shared by NO, H2S and CO: they are beneficial at low concentrations but hazardous in higher amounts; they are small molecules of gas; they can freely cross cell membranes; their effects do not rely on receptors; they are generated enzymatically and their production is regulated; their functions can be mimicked by exogenous application; and their cellular effects may or may not be mediated by second messengers, but have specific cellular and molecular targets. In plants, many aspects of the biology of gasotransmitters remain completely unknown and generate intriguing questions, which will be discussed in this book. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Plant-Associated Bacteria Samuel S. Gnanamanickam, 2007-09-29 This volume is envisioned as a resource for researchers working with beneficial and harmful groups of bacteria associated with crop plants. The book is divided into two parts, with Part I on beneficial bacteria including chapters on symbiotic nitrogen fixers and rhizosphere bacteria. The second part consists of detailed descriptions of 8 genera of plant pathogenic bacteria, including Agrobacterium and Herbaspirillum. Each chapter covers terminology, molecular phylogeny and more. soft-rot, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Ralstonia, Burkholderia and Acidovorax There is an opening chapter on the plant-associated bacteria survey, molecular phylogeny, genomics and recent advances. And each chapter includes terminology/definitions, molecular phylogeny, methods that can be used (both traditional and latest molecular tools) and applications |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment Daniel Hillel, 2008 |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment Dietrich Werner, William E. Newton, 2005-10-24 Sustainability has a major part to play in the global challenge of continued development of regions, countries, and continents all around the World and biological nitrogen fixation has a key role in this process. This volume begins with chapters specifically addressing crops of major global importance, such as soybeans, rice, and sugar cane. It continues with a second important focus, agroforestry, and describes the use and promise of both legume trees with their rhizobial symbionts and other nitrogen-fixing trees with their actinorhizal colonization. An over-arching theme of all chapters is the interaction of the plants and trees with microbes and this theme allows other aspects of soil microbiology, such as interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the impact of soil-stress factors on biological nitrogen fixation, to be addressed. Furthermore, a link to basic science occurs through the inclusion of chapters describing the biogeochemically important nitrogen cycle and its key relationships among nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. The volume then provides an up-to-date view of the production of microbial inocula, especially those for legume crops. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Nodulation in Legumes Janet I. Sprent, 2001 The aim of this book is to provide an up-to-date picture of the nodulation status of legumes, using largely the same taxonomic system as its companion volume 'Legumes of the World'.--Back cover. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Plant Microbe Symbiosis: Fundamentals and Advances Naveen Kumar Arora, 2013-08-15 Plant microbe interaction is a complex relationship that can have various beneficial impacts on both the communities. An urgent need of today’s world is to get high crop yields in an ecofriendly manner. Utilization of beneficial and multifaceted plant growth promoting (PGP) microorganisms can solve the problem of getting enhanced yields without disturbing the ecosystem thus leading to sustainability. For this to achieve understanding of the intricate details of how the beneficial microbes form associations with the host plant and sustain that for millions of years must be known. A holistic approach is required wherein the diversity of microbes associated with plant and the network of mechanisms by which they benefit the host must be studied and utilized. ‘Plant Microbe Symbiosis – Fundamentals and Advances’ provides a comprehensive understanding of positive interactions that occur between plant and microorganisms and their utilization in the fields. The book reviews the enormous diversity of plant associated microbes, the dialog between plant-microbes-microbes and mechanisms of action of PGP microbes. Utilization of PGPRs as nutrient providers, in combating phytopathogens and ameliorating the stressed and polluted soils is also explained. Importantly, the book also throws light on the unanswered questions and future direction of research in the field. It illustrates how the basic knowledge can be amalgamated with advanced technology to design the future bioformulations. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops G. Kalloo, B.O. Bergh, 2012-12-02 Genetic improvement has played a vital role in enhancing the yield potential of vegetable crops. There are numerous vegetable crops grown worldwide and variable degrees of research on genetics, breeding and biotechnology have been conducted on these crops. This book brings together the results of such research on crops grouped as alliums, crucifers, cucurbits, leaf crops, tropical underground and miscellaneous. Written by eminent specialists, each chapter concentrates on one crop and covers cytology, genetics, breeding objectives, germplasm resources, reproductive biology, selection breeding methods, heterosis and hybrid seed production, quality and processing attributes and technology. This unique collection will be of great value to students, scientists and vegetable breeders as it provides a reference guide on genetics, breeding and biotechnology of a wide range of vegetable crops. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production Mohammad Miransari, 2015-12-31 Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production: Soybean Production Volume One presents the important results of research in both field and greenhouse conditions that guide readers to effectively manage the chemical, physical, and biological factors that can put soybean production at risk. Including the latest in genetics, signaling, and biotechnology, the book identifies these types of stresses, their causes, and means of avoiding, then addresses existing stresses to provide a comprehensive overview of key production yield factors. By presenting important insights into the historical and emerging uses for soybean, the book educates readers on the factors for consideration as new uses are developed. It is an ideal complement to volume two, Environmental Stress Conditions in Soybean Production, that work together to provide valuable insights into crop protection. - Presents insights for the successful production of soybean based on chemical, physical and biologic challenges - Includes the latest specifics on soybean properties, growth, and production, including responses to different stresses and their alleviation methods - Offers recent advancements related to the process of N fixation and rhizobium, including signaling pathways and their practical use - Explores the production of rhizobium inoculums at large-scale levels |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Rhizobium Biology and Biotechnology Alexander P. Hansen, Devendra K. Choudhary, Pawan Kumar Agrawal, Ajit Varma, 2017-09-25 This book provides in-depth reviews of the role of Rhizobium in agriculture and its biotechnological applications. Individual chapters explore topics such as: the occurrence and distribution of Rhizobium; phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Rhizobium; impact of Rhizobium on other microbial communities in the rhizosphere; N2-fixation ability of Rhizobium; Rhizobium and biotic stress; Rhizobium-mediated restoration of an ecosystem; in silico analysis of the rhizobia pool; further biotechnological perspectives of Rhizobium. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Nitrogen in Agriculture Takuji Ohyama, Kazuyuki Inubushi, 2021-09-29 Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in agricultural practice because the availability of nitrogen from the soil is generally not enough to support crop yields. To maintain soil fertility, the application of organic matters and crop rotation have been practiced. Farmers can use convenient chemical nitrogen fertilizers to obtain high crop yields. However, the inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers causes environmental problems such as nitrate leaching, contamination in groundwater, and the emission of N2O gas. This book is divided into the following four sections: “Ecology and Environmental Aspects of Nitrogen in Agriculture”, “Nitrogen Fertilizers and Nitrogen Management in Agriculture”, “N Utilization and Metabolism in Crops”, “Plant-Microbe Interactions”. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Microbiome Stimulants for Crops James F. White, Ajay Kumar, Samir Droby, 2021-04-17 Microbiome Stimulants for Crops: Mechanisms and Applications provides the latest developments in the real-world development and application of these crop management alternatives in a cost-effective, yield protective way. Sections address questions of research, development and application, with insights into recent legislative efforts in Europe and the United States. The book includes valuable information regarding mechanisms and the practical information needed to support the growing microbial inoculant and biostimulant industry, thus helping focus scientific research in new directions. - Provides methods for finding and testing endophytic and growth promotional microbes - Explains the mechanisms of microbes and other biostimulant function in promoting plant growth - Evaluates methods for treatments of plants with microbes and microbiome stimulants - Identifies areas for new research |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Rachid Serraj, 2004 The International Workshop on Biological Nitrogen Fixation for Increased Crop Productivity, Enhanced Human Health and Sustained Soil Fertility was held in June 2002 at ENSAM-INRA, Montpellier, France. The main goal of the workshop was to define research strategies for a Challenge Program initiative on Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and develop a pre-proposal based on the concept note submitted and approved by the CGIAR iSC. More than 35 participants from various scientific disciplines, research institutions and from four different continents (Africa, Asia, Americas and Europe) attended the workshop. This book, based on the proceedings of the workshop, takes a holistic approach to harnessing legume BNF technologies, starting from a socioeconomic perspective, and progressing to agronomic and genetic options, and bringing together innovative aspects and participatory research strategies. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Plant Microbiology Michael Gillings, Andrew Holmes, 2004-03-15 Plant Microbiology provides a comprehensive source of information on DNA sequencing and mapping, the newest technology and procedures in areas such as radiation hybrid mapping, FISH and specialized sequencing techniques are covered. The book also describes how transgene expression is controlled in plants and how advanced information strategies can be used to manipulate and modify the plant genome. An exciting final chapter provides and overview of all the applications of plant transformation in agriculture, medicine and industry. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Soil Biology Primer , 1999 |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Agricultural Sustainability Gurbir Bhullar, Navreet K. Bhullar, 2012-12-31 Collaboratively written by top international experts and established scientists in various fields of agricultural research, this book focuses on the state of food production and sustainability; the problems with degradation of valuable sources of land, water, and air and their effects on food crops; the increasing demand of food resources; and the challenges of food security worldwide. The book provides cutting edge scientific tools and methods of research as well as solid background information that is accessible for those who have a strong interest in agricultural research and development and want to learn more on the challenges facing the global agricultural production systems. - Provides cutting edge scientific tools and available technologies for research - Addresses the effects of climate change and the population explosion on food supply and offers solutions to combat them - Written by a range of experts covering a broad range of agriculture-related disciplines |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Symbioses Katharina Pawlowski, William E. Newton, 2007-10-15 For researchers and graduates with any interest in plant or soil sciences, this fascinating study will be a godsend – it’s the complete state of the art with regard to actinorhizal symbioses. The self-contained sixth volume of a comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation, it includes chapters that deal with all aspects of this symbiosis between actinorhizal plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It also contains information both about symbionts and their ecological role and use. Other chapters tackle the global distribution of different actinorhizal plants and their microsymbionts and how this impacts the question of co-evolution of the micro- and macrosymbionts as well as comparing the actinorhizal and leguminous symbioses. No other book provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Practical Handbook on Agricultural Microbiology Natarajan Amaresan, Prittesh Patel, Dhruti Amin, 2022 This volume details techniques involved in the study of beneficial microbes in agricultural microbiology towards enhancing global agricultural productivity. Chapters cover a wide range of basic and advanced techniques associated with research on isolation of agriculturally important microbes, identification, biological nitrogen fixation, microbe mediated plant nutrient use efficiency, biological control of plant diseases and pests. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Practical Handbook on Agricultural Microbiology aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Nurturing the Soil-feeding the People Winfried Scheewe, 2000 |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era Surajit Das, Hirak Ranjan Dash, 2024-03-22 Microbial Diversity in the Genomic Era: Functional Diversity and Community Analysis, Second Edition presents techniques used for microbial taxonomy and phylogeny, along with their applications and respective strengths and challenges. The book incorporates recently developed biosystematics methods and approaches to assess microbial taxonomy, with suitable recommendations for where to apply them across the range of bacterial identification and infectious disease research. Sections provide a broad overview of microbial genomics research and microbiome directed medicine and update on molecular tools for microbial diversity research, extremophilic microbial diversity, functional microbial diversity across application areas, microbial diversity and infectious disease research, and future directions. Step-by-step methodologies are provided for key techniques, along with applied case studies that break down recent research studies into practical components, thus illuminating pathways for new studies across the field. |
| rhizobium bacteria and soybean plant relationship: History of Soybean Plant Protection from Diseases, Insects, Nematodes and Weeds (15 BCE to 2019): William Shurtleff, Akiko Aoyagi, 2019-04-27 |
