Swann V Charlotte Mecklenburg

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg: A Landmark Case in School Desegregation

Introduction:

The landmark Supreme Court case, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, fundamentally reshaped the landscape of public education in the United States. Decided in 1971, this case wasn't simply about ending legal segregation; it established the power of federal courts to mandate significant remedies to achieve desegregation, including busing students across district lines. This in-depth analysis will explore the historical context of the case, the key arguments presented, the Supreme Court's ruling, its lasting impact, and the ongoing debates surrounding its legacy. We'll delve into the complexities of implementing desegregation, the challenges faced by schools and communities, and the ongoing struggle for educational equity. Prepare to gain a comprehensive understanding of one of the most consequential legal battles in American history.


1. The Genesis of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

Before Swann, the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional. However, Southern states actively resisted desegregation, employing various strategies to maintain racial separation. Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina, was no exception. Despite a court order to desegregate, the school district implemented a "freedom of choice" plan, which proved utterly ineffective in achieving meaningful integration. Black students remained overwhelmingly concentrated in predominantly Black schools. This lack of meaningful desegregation prompted the lawsuit, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.

2. The Arguments Presented in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

The plaintiffs argued that the school district's "freedom of choice" plan was a sham, failing to dismantle the dual school system. They contended that the district's actions demonstrated a deliberate effort to perpetuate segregation, violating the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. The defendants, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, argued that they had acted in good faith and that the limited integration achieved was the best possible outcome given the circumstances. They challenged the scope of federal court intervention in local school matters. The case hinged on the interpretation of "de jure" (by law) segregation versus "de facto" (in fact) segregation.

3. The Supreme Court's Ruling and its Significance

The Supreme Court, in a unanimous decision authored by Chief Justice Warren Burger, ruled in favor of the plaintiffs. The Court acknowledged the ineffectiveness of the "freedom of choice" plan and held that the school district's actions constituted a continuation of state-sponsored segregation. Crucially, the Court established that federal courts possessed broad remedial powers to dismantle segregated school systems. This included the authority to order busing of students across school district lines, redrawing school attendance zones, and implementing other measures necessary to achieve meaningful integration. This landmark decision fundamentally shifted the balance of power in school desegregation cases, giving federal courts significant leverage to enforce desegregation mandates.

4. Implementing Desegregation: Challenges and Consequences

The implementation of Swann’s remedies was met with significant resistance in many communities. Busing, in particular, became a highly controversial and often emotionally charged issue, leading to protests, violence, and white flight from urban schools. The social and political ramifications were profound, exacerbating racial tensions and fostering resentment in some communities. The practicality of achieving meaningful racial balance through busing also faced logistical and financial challenges.

5. The Legacy of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg and Ongoing Debates

The legacy of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg remains complex and contested. While the case undoubtedly played a crucial role in desegregating schools, it also spurred debates about its effectiveness and the unintended consequences of its remedies. The effectiveness of busing in achieving lasting racial integration has been questioned, with some arguing that it led to a decline in the quality of education in certain schools. The issue of de facto segregation, arising from residential patterns, continues to be a major obstacle to achieving true educational equity. The debate over the appropriate role of the federal courts in school desegregation remains central to discussions about achieving racial justice in education. Recent Supreme Court decisions have significantly narrowed the scope of federal court intervention in school desegregation cases, leaving many schools with ongoing challenges in achieving racial balance and equitable educational opportunities.

Article Outline:

Title: A Deep Dive into Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg: Desegregation, Busing, and the Ongoing Struggle for Educational Equity

I. Introduction:
Hook: The lasting impact of a single Supreme Court case.
Overview: Exploring the case, its ruling, and its continuing relevance.
Thesis Statement: Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg dramatically altered school desegregation efforts, but its legacy remains complex and contested.

II. The Pre-Swann Landscape:
Brown v. Board of Education and its limitations.
Resistance to desegregation in the South.
The inadequacy of "freedom of choice" plans.

III. The Case Itself:
The plaintiffs' arguments.
The defendants' arguments.
Key legal issues and precedents.

IV. The Supreme Court's Decision:
The unanimous ruling and its implications.
The power of federal courts to mandate remedies.
The significance of busing as a desegregation tool.

V. Implementing Desegregation: Challenges and Consequences:
The controversies surrounding busing.
White flight and its impact on schools.
Logistical and financial challenges of implementing desegregation.

VI. The Legacy of Swann and Ongoing Debates:
The ongoing debate about the effectiveness of busing.
The issue of de facto segregation.
The role of federal courts in school desegregation today.
The pursuit of educational equity in the 21st century.

VII. Conclusion:
Summarizing the key findings and their significance.
Reflecting on the enduring impact of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg.
Emphasizing the ongoing need for educational justice.


(Each section above would then be expanded upon to create the full 1500+ word article, incorporating the details elaborated in the previous sections.)


FAQs:

1. What was the main issue in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg? The main issue was whether the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school board's "freedom of choice" plan adequately desegregated schools, and whether federal courts had the power to mandate remedies like busing to achieve integration.

2. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Swann? The Supreme Court ruled that the school board's plan was inadequate and that federal courts could use busing and other methods to achieve meaningful desegregation.

3. What is the significance of busing in Swann? Busing became a key tool for achieving desegregation, though it remains a highly controversial aspect of the case.

4. What are the lasting impacts of Swann? Swann significantly altered the legal landscape of school desegregation, granting federal courts broad remedial powers, but its implementation faced significant resistance and sparked debate about its effectiveness.

5. What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation? De jure segregation is segregation by law, while de facto segregation is segregation in practice, often resulting from residential patterns.

6. Did Swann completely solve school segregation? No, while Swann significantly impacted school desegregation efforts, it did not entirely eliminate segregation, and de facto segregation remains a significant challenge.

7. What are some of the criticisms of the Swann decision? Criticisms include the disruptive nature of busing, the potential negative impacts on educational quality, and the limitations of addressing de facto segregation.

8. How does Swann relate to current debates about school segregation? Swann continues to inform legal and policy discussions regarding school integration, equitable resource allocation, and the appropriate role of federal courts in addressing educational disparities.

9. What are some alternative approaches to achieving school desegregation besides busing? Alternatives include redrawing school attendance zones, magnet schools, and implementing programs to address socioeconomic disparities.


Related Articles:

1. Brown v. Board of Education: A Historical Overview: Examines the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

2. The Legal History of School Desegregation: A comprehensive review of key Supreme Court cases and legal battles related to school desegregation.

3. The Impact of Busing on School Desegregation: Analyzes the effectiveness and controversies surrounding busing as a desegregation tool.

4. White Flight and its Impact on Urban Schools: Explores the phenomenon of white families leaving urban areas in response to desegregation efforts.

5. De Facto Segregation: Challenges and Solutions: Discusses the challenges posed by segregation stemming from residential patterns and explores potential solutions.

6. The Role of Federal Courts in School Desegregation: Examines the evolving role and powers of federal courts in enforcing desegregation mandates.

7. Magnet Schools and School Choice: Alternatives to Busing? Evaluates the effectiveness of magnet schools and school choice programs in promoting school integration.

8. The Ongoing Struggle for Educational Equity: Explores the persistent challenges in achieving equitable educational opportunities for all students.

9. The Legacy of Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg: A Critical Assessment: Offers a critical analysis of the Swann decision's impact on education and society.


  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Swann V Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education and Other Cases , 2015 Part of Subseries 1.1: Office Files.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Reading, Writing, and Race Davison M. Douglas, 2012-01-01 Using Charlotte, North Carolina, as a case study of the dynamics of racial change in the 'moderate' South, Davison Douglas analyzes the desegregation of the city's public schools from the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision through the early 1970s, when the city embarked upon the most ambitious school busing plan in the nation. In charting the path of racial change, Douglas considers the relative efficacy of the black community's use of public demonstrations and litigation to force desegregation. He also evaluates the role of the city's white business community, which was concerned with preserving Charlotte's image as a racially moderate city, in facilitating racial gains. Charlotte's white leadership, anxious to avoid economically damaging racial conflict, engaged in early but decidedly token integration in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to the black community's public protest and litigation efforts. The insistence in the late 1960s on widespread busing, however, posed integration demands of an entirely different magnitude. As Douglas shows, the city's white leaders initially resisted the call for busing but eventually relented because they recognized the importance of a stable school system to the city's continued prosperity.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: A Digest of Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Education Perry Alan Zirkel, Sharon Nalbone Richardson, Steven Selig Goldberg, 2001
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Historic U.S. Court Cases John W. Johnson, 2001 This collection of essays looks at over 200 major court cases, at both state and federal levels, from the colonial period to the present. Organized thematically, the articles range from 1,000 to 5,000 words and include recent topics such as the Microsoft antitrust case, the O.J. Simpson trials, and the Clinton impeachment. This new edition includes 43 new essays as well as updates throughout, with end-of-essay bibliographies and indexes by case and subject/name.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: New Evidence on School Desegregation Finis Welch, 1987
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: The Crucible of Desegregation R. Shep Melnick, 2023-04-28 Examines the patchwork evolution of school desegregation policy. In 1954, the Supreme Court delivered the landmark decision of Brown v. Board of Education—establishing the right to attend a desegregated school as a national constitutional right—but the decision contained fundamental ambiguities. The Supreme Court has never offered a clear definition of what desegregation means or laid out a framework for evaluating competing interpretations. In The Crucible of Desegregation, R. Shep Melnick examines the evolution of federal school desegregation policy from 1954 through the termination of desegregation orders in the first decades of the twenty-first century, combining legal analysis with a focus on institutional relations, particularly the interactions between federal judges and administrators. Melnick argues that years of ambiguous, inconsistent, and meandering Court decisions left lower court judges adrift, forced to apply contradictory Supreme Court precedents in a wide variety of highly charged political and educational contexts. As a result, desegregation policy has been a patchwork, with lower court judges playing a crucial role and with little opportunity to analyze what worked and what didn’t. The Crucible of Desegregation reveals persistent patterns and disagreements that continue to roil education policy.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Julius Chambers Richard A. Rosen, Joseph Mosnier, 2016-10-18 Born in the hamlet of Mount Gilead, North Carolina, Julius Chambers (1936–2013) escaped the fetters of the Jim Crow South to emerge in the 1960s and 1970s as the nation's leading African American civil rights attorney. Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Chambers worked to advance the NAACP Legal Defense Fund's strategic litigation campaign for civil rights, ultimately winning landmark school and employment desegregation cases at the U.S. Supreme Court. Undaunted by the dynamiting of his home and the arson that destroyed the offices of his small integrated law practice, Chambers pushed federal civil rights law to its highwater mark. In this biography, Richard A. Rosen and Joseph Mosnier connect the details of Chambers's life to the wider struggle to secure racial equality through the development of modern civil rights law. Tracing his path from a dilapidated black elementary school to counsel's lectern at the Supreme Court and beyond, they reveal Chambers's singular influence on the evolution of federal civil rights law after 1964.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Records and Briefs of the United States Supreme Court , 1832
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court, Second Edition David Schultz, 2021-09-01 Praise for the previous edition: ...concise, well-written entries...Schultz's accessible work will be of use to both undergraduates and the general public; recommended for all academic and public libraries.—Library Journal ...achieves the goal of presenting a serious overview of the Supreme Court.—Booklist At its reasonable price this title should be found in every American library, public as well as academic. It should also be purchased by every high school library, no matter how small the school body may be.—American Reference Books Annual From the structure of the Supreme Court to its proceedings, this comprehensive encyclopedia presents the cornerstone of the American justice system. Featuring more than 600 A-to-Z entries—written by leading academics and lawyers—Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court, Second Edition offers a thorough review of critical cases, issues, biographies, and topics important to understanding the Supreme Court. Entries include: Abortion Capital punishment Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission Double jeopardy employment discrimination Federalism Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission Obergefell v. Hodges police use of force public health and the U.S. Constitution Thurgood Marshall Title IX and schools United States v. Nixon Earl Warren Wiretapping
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Race and Education, 1954-2007 Raymond Wolters, 2008 Retracing Supreme Court decisions on race and education beginning with the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Wolters distinguishes between desegregation and integration and shows how devastating educational and cultural consequences resulted from subsequent Supreme Court decisions that conflated the two and led to racial balancing policies that have backfired--Provided by publisher.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Five Communities: Their Search for Equal Education United States Commission on Civil Rights, 1972
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: From Brown to Bakke J. Harvie Wilkinson, 1979-05-17 Wilkinson's incisive history of the Supreme Court's halting role in integrating education focuses on the two most controversial Supreme Court decisions of this generation and the country's reaction to them.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: The Silent Majority Matthew D. Lassiter, 2013-10-24 Suburban sprawl transformed the political culture of the American South as much as the civil rights movement did during the second half of the twentieth century. The Silent Majority provides the first regionwide account of the suburbanization of the South from the perspective of corporate leaders, political activists, and especially of the ordinary families who lived in booming Sunbelt metropolises such as Atlanta, Charlotte, and Richmond. Matthew Lassiter examines crucial battles over racial integration, court-ordered busing, and housing segregation to explain how the South moved from the era of Jim Crow fully into the mainstream of national currents. During the 1960s and 1970s, the grassroots mobilization of the suburban homeowners and school parents who embraced Richard Nixon's label of the Silent Majority reshaped southern and national politics and helped to set in motion the center-right shift that has dominated the United States ever since. The Silent Majority traces the emergence of a color-blind ideology in the white middle-class suburbs that defended residential segregation and neighborhood schools as the natural outcomes of market forces and individual meritocracy rather than the unconstitutional products of discriminatory public policies. Connecting local and national stories, and reintegrating southern and American history, The Silent Majority is critical reading for those interested in urban and suburban studies, political and social history, the civil rights movement, public policy, and the intersection of race and class in modern America.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: A Study of History Arnold J. Toynbee, 1947-12-31 Arnold Toynbee's A Study of History has been acknowledged as one of the greatest achievements of modern scholarship. A ten-volume analysis of the rise and fall of human civilizations, it is a work of breath-taking breadth and vision. D.C. Somervell's abridgement, in two volumes, of this magnificent enterprise, preserves the method, atmosphere, texture, and, in many instances, the very words of the original. Originally published in 1947 and 1957, these two volumes are themselves a great historical achievement. Volume 1, which abridges the first six volumes of Toynbee's study, includes the Introduction, The Geneses of Civilizations, and The Disintegrations of Civilizations. Volume 2, an abridgement of Volumes VII-X, includes sections on Universal States, Universal churches, Heroic Ages, Contacts Between Civilizations in Space, Contacts Between Civilizations in Time, Law and Freedom in History, The Prospects of the Western Civilization, and the Conclusion. Of Somervell's work, Toynbee wrote, The reader now has at his command a uniform abridgement of the whole book, made by a clear mind that has not only mastered the contents but has entered into the writer's outlook and purpose.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Multicultural America Carlos E. Cortés, 2013-08-15 This comprehensive title is among the first to extensively use newly released 2010 U.S. Census data to examine multiculturalism today and tomorrow in America. This distinction is important considering the following NPR report by Eyder Peralta: “Based on the first national numbers released by the Census Bureau, the AP reports that minorities account for 90 percent of the total U.S. growth since 2000, due to immigration and higher birth rates for Latinos.” According to John Logan, a Brown University sociologist who has analyzed most of the census figures, “The futures of most metropolitan areas in the country are contingent on how attractive they are to Hispanic and Asian populations.” Both non-Hispanic whites and blacks are getting older as a group. “These groups are tending to fade out,” he added. Another demographer, William H. Frey with the Brookings Institution, told The Washington Post that this has been a pivotal decade. “We’re pivoting from a white-black-dominated American population to one that is multiracial and multicultural.” Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia explores this pivotal moment and its ramifications with more than 900 signed entries not just providing a compilation of specific ethnic groups and their histories but also covering the full spectrum of issues flowing from the increasingly multicultural canvas that is America today. Pedagogical elements include an introduction, a thematic reader’s guide, a chronology of multicultural milestones, a glossary, a resource guide to key books, journals, and Internet sites, and an appendix of 2010 U.S. Census Data. Finally, the electronic version will be the only reference work on this topic to augment written entries with multimedia for today’s students, with 100 videos (with transcripts) from Getty Images and Video Vault, the Agence France Press, and Sky News, as reviewed by the media librarian of the Rutgers University Libraries, working in concert with the title’s editors.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Racial Taxation Camille Walsh, 2018-02-02 In the United States, it is quite common to lay claim to the benefits of society by appealing to taxpayer citizenship--the idea that, as taxpayers, we deserve access to certain social services like a public education. Tracing the genealogy of this concept, Camille Walsh shows how tax policy and taxpayer identity were built on the foundations of white supremacy and intertwined with ideas of whiteness. From the origins of unequal public school funding after the Civil War through school desegregation cases from Brown v. Board of Education to San Antonio v. Rodriguez in the 1970s, this study spans over a century of racial injustice, dramatic courtroom clashes, and white supremacist backlash to collective justice claims. Incorporating letters from everyday individuals as well as the private notes of Supreme Court justices as they deliberated, Walsh reveals how the idea of a taxpayer identity contributed to the contemporary crises of public education, racial disparity, and income inequality.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Hearings United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary, 1972
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: School Busing United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee No. 5, 1972
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Encyclopedia of African American Politics Robert C. Smith, 2003 An A to Z presentation of over 400 articles on African American politics and notable people, from the abolitionist movement to Whitney Young.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Creating Constitutional Change Gregg Ivers, Kevin T. McGuire, 2004 Because the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court interpret the Constitution, their decisions can create constitutional change. For quite some time, general readers interested in understanding those changes have not had access to a concise volume that explores the major decisions through which those changes occur. In order to make a wide range of decisions more comprehensible, Gregg Ivers and Kevin T. McGuire commissioned twenty-four outstanding scholars to write essays on a selected series of Supreme Court cases. Chosen for their contemporary relevance, most of the cases addressed in this informative reader are from the last half-century, extending right up through Bush v. Gore and the 2003 Michigan affirmative actions cases--Unedited summary from paperback cover.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution David Andrew Schultz, 2010-05-18 Covers the people, court cases, historical events, and terms relating to one of the most studied political documents in schools across the country, the United States Constitution.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Understanding the Backlash Against Affirmative Action John Fobanjong, 2001 Affirmative action remains one of the most divisive issues in America, remaining unsolved since the 1960s civil rights legislation. Though many works have attempted to solve the dilemma, none have tried to identify the underlying causes of the backlash against the policy. In order to understand affirmative action's future, one must understand its evolution, its opposition, and its application both in America and in other nations. In a multi-disciplinary approach, this book examines affirmative action from comparative, historical, policy, and sociological perspectives. Also included is a list of Supreme Court rulings on affirmative action.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: What Justices Want Matthew E. K. Hall, 2018-08-23 Examines how personality traits shape the behavior of US Supreme Court justices, proposing a new theory of judicial behavior.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Boom for Whom? Stephen Samuel Smith, 2004-02-01 Bringing a new perspective to Charlotte's landmark school desegregation efforts, Stephen Samuel Smith provides a multi-faceted history of the nationally praised mandatory busing plan and the court battle that led to its ultimate demise. Although both black and white children benefited from busing, its most ongoing consequences were not educational, but the political and economic ones that served the interests of Charlotte's business elite and facilitated the city's economic boom. Drawing on urban regime theory, Smith shows how busing enhanced civic capacity and was part of a political alliance between Charlotte's business elite and black political leaders. This account of Charlotte's history has national implications for desegregation, urban education, efforts to build civic capacity, and the political involvement of the urban poor.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Encyclopedia of African American Education Kofi Lomotey, 2009-09-15 Each topic in this 2-volume encyclopedia is discussed as it relates to the education of African Americans. The entries provide a comprehensive overview of educational institutions at every level, from preschool through graduate and professional training, with special attention to historically and predominantly Black colleges and universities. The encyclopedia follows the struggle of African Americans to achieve equality in education—beginning among an enslaved population and evolving into the present—as the efforts of many remarkable individuals furthered this cause through court decisions and legislation. A unique appendix, The Complete Bibliography of the Journal of Negro Education, 1932-2008, includes listings of the tables of contents and reprinted articles on segregation, desegregation, and equality. Key Features Highlights individuals, organizations, and publications that have had a significant impact on African American education Incorporates discussions of curriculum, concepts, theories, and alternative models of education that facilitate the learning process Addresses the topics of gender and sexual orientation, religion, and the media Key Themes Alternative educational models Associations and organizations Biographies Collegiate education Curriculum Economics Gender Graduate and professional education Historically Black colleges and universities Legal cases Precollegiate Education Psychology and human development Public policy Publications Religious institutions Segregation/Desegregation The encyclopedia is valuable resource for students, educators, and scholars of education—and all readers who seek an understanding of African American education, both historically and in the 21st century.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: The General Statutes of North Carolina North Carolina, 1944
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, 1971
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Post-Racial Constitutionalism and the Roberts Court Cedric Merlin Powell, 2022-11-03 This book examines and critiques how the United States Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice John Roberts perpetuates structural inequality.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: School Desegregation Walter Stephan, 2013-06-29
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Equal Educational Opportunity United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity, 1971
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: The Supreme Court, Race, and Civil Rights Abraham L. Davis, Barbara Luck Graham, 1995-07-25 Providing a well-rounded presentation of the constitution and evolution of civil rights in the United States, this book will be useful for students and academics with an interest in civil rights, race and the law. Abraham L Davis and Barbara Luck Graham's purpose is: to give an overview of the Supreme Court and its rulings with regard to issues of equality and civil rights; to bring law, political science and history into the discussion of civil rights and the Supreme Court; to incorporate the politically disadvantaged and the human component into the discussion; to stimulate discussion among students; and to provide a text that cultivates competence in reading actual Supreme Court cases.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent Thomas C. Hunt, 2010-01-20 The history of American education is replete with educational reform, and to a lesser extent, educational dissent. Consider the present: you have various forms of privatization, school choice, the 'No Child Left Behind' act, home schooling, 'value-added' accountability, alternative teacher preparation programs, on-line instruction, etc. This range of activity is not exceptional. For instance, consider the past: progressive education, open education, the junior high school, the middle school, Life Adjustment education, career education, vocational education, the comprehensive high school, school-to-work, year-round schooling, behavioral objectives, proficiency exams (high-stakes testing), whole language, learning packages and self-paced instruction, modular scheduling, site-based management, all presented as the way to reform American schools, at least in part. Then you have the reformers themselves, such as John Dewey, George Counts, Herbert Kohl, John Holt, Charles Silberman, Admiral Hyman Rickover, James Bryant Conant, all the way back to Horace Mann himself. Dissenters, and dissenting movements, while not as numerous and certainly not as well known in educational circles, count the various faith-based schools and individuals such as Archbishop Hughes of New York.Clearly, this is an area rich in ideas, rife with controversy, and vital in its outcome for individuals and the nation as a whole. And yet, strangely enough, there exists no major encyclopedia bringing the varied strands together in one place as a ready reference for scholars, teachers, school administrators, and students studying to enter the educational profession. This two-volume work is intended to be that authoritative resource. Key themes and topics include: biographies of reformers and dissenters theoretical and ideological perspectives key programs and legislation judicial verdicts impacting educational change in America the politics and processes of educational reform and policy making dissent and resistance to reform technology's impact on educational reform. A Reader's Guide in the front matter groups entries around such themes to help readers find related entries more easily.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Children of the Dream Rucker C. Johnson, 2019-04-16 An acclaimed economist reveals that school integration efforts in the 1970s and 1980s were overwhelmingly successful -- and argues that we must renew our commitment to integration for the sake of all Americans We are frequently told that school integration was a social experiment doomed from the start. But as Rucker C. Johnson demonstrates in Children of the Dream, it was, in fact, a spectacular achievement. Drawing on longitudinal studies going back to the 1960s, he shows that students who attended integrated and well-funded schools were more successful in life than those who did not -- and this held true for children of all races. Yet as a society we have given up on integration. Since the high point of integration in 1988, we have regressed and segregation again prevails. Contending that integrated, well-funded schools are the primary engine of social mobility, Children of the Dream offers a radical new take on social policy. It is essential reading in our divided times.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: The Cambridge Guide to African American History Raymond Gavins, 2016-02-15 Intended for high school and college students, teachers, adult educational groups, and general readers, this book is of value to them primarily as a learning and reference tool. It also provides a critical perspective on the actions and legacies of ordinary and elite blacks and their non-black allies.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: We Can Do It Michael T. Gengler, 2018-08-21 This book tells of the challenges faced by white and black school administrators, teachers, parents, and students as Alachua County, Florida, moved from segregated schools to a single, unitary school system. After Brown v. Board of Education, the South’s separate white and black schools continued under lower court opinions, provided black students could choose to go to white schools. Not until 1968 did the NAACP Legal Defense Fund convince the Supreme Court to end dual school systems. Almost fifty years later, African Americans in Alachua County remain divided over that outcome. A unique study including extensive interviews, We Can Do It asks important questions, among them: How did both races, without precedent, work together to create desegregated schools? What conflicts arose, and how were they resolved (or not)? How was the community affected? And at a time when resegregation and persistent white-black achievement gaps continue to challenge public schools, what lessons can we learn from the generation that desegregated our schools?
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: General Statutes of North Carolina Annotated North Carolina, 2007
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Congressional Record United States. Congress, 1971 The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Equality in Education Law and Policy, 1954–2010 Benjamin M. Superfine, 2013-03-11 Educational equality has long been a vital concept in US law and policy. Since Brown v. Board of Education, the concept of educational equality has remained markedly durable and animated major school reform efforts, including desegregation, school finance reform, the education of students with disabilities and English language learners, charter schools, voucher policies, the various iterations of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (including No Child Left Behind) and the 'Stimulus'. Despite such attention, students' educational opportunities have remained persistently unequal as understandings of the goals underlying schooling, fundamental changes in educational governance, and the definition of an equal education have continually shifted. Drawing from law, education policy, history and political science, this book examines how the concept of equality in education law and policy has transformed from Brown through the Stimulus, the major factors influencing this transformation, and the significant problems that school reforms accordingly continue to face.
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Selected Court Decisions Relating to Equal Educational Opportunity , 1972
  swann v charlotte mecklenburg: Race and Schooling in the City Adam Yarmolinsky, Lance Liebman, Corinne Saposs Schelling, 1981 Essays examine the progress of desegregation in the U.S., including such issues as busing, bilingual education, and the influence of the Supreme Court.