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Unveiling the Mysteries: A Comprehensive Guide to the Cross Section of Spinal Cord Model
Introduction:
Have you ever wondered about the intricate network of nerves that controls our movements, sensations, and reflexes? Peering into the human body reveals incredible complexity, and the spinal cord, a vital component of the central nervous system, is no exception. Understanding its structure is crucial for comprehending neurological function and various medical conditions. This comprehensive guide delves into the intricacies of the cross section of the spinal cord model, offering a detailed exploration of its anatomy, functionality, and clinical significance. We'll move beyond basic diagrams, providing you with a deeper understanding of this essential structure. Prepare to journey into the fascinating world of neuroanatomy!
1. The Spinal Cord: A Central Nervous System Powerhouse
Before diving into the cross-section, let's establish the spinal cord's overall role. It acts as the primary communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body. Sensory information from the periphery travels up the spinal cord to the brain, while motor commands from the brain travel down the cord to activate muscles and glands. This bidirectional flow of information is essential for everything from simple reflexes to complex movements and cognitive functions. Understanding this fundamental function sets the stage for appreciating the complexities revealed in a cross-sectional view.
2. Deconstructing the Cross Section of the Spinal Cord Model: Key Anatomical Features
A cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals a striking and organized structure. Several key features are immediately apparent:
Gray Matter: This butterfly-shaped region in the center is composed primarily of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. It's the site of synaptic transmission and integration of sensory and motor information. The gray matter is divided into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) horns, with the lateral horns present in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
White Matter: Surrounding the gray matter is the white matter, consisting mainly of myelinated axons. These axons are organized into ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts, facilitating communication between different levels of the spinal cord and the brain. These tracts are further subdivided based on their function and location (e.g., dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tract).
Dorsal Root Ganglia: Located just outside the spinal cord, these ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. Sensory information enters the spinal cord via the dorsal roots.
Ventral Roots: Motor neurons' axons exit the spinal cord via the ventral roots, innervating muscles and glands.
Central Canal: A small, fluid-filled space running through the center of the spinal cord, the central canal is continuous with the ventricles of the brain and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
3. Functional Regions within the Spinal Cord Cross Section
The seemingly simple butterfly shape of the gray matter belies its complex functional organization. Different regions within the gray matter are responsible for specific functions:
Dorsal Horn: Primarily receives sensory information from the body, including touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception (body position).
Ventral Horn: Contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles, controlling voluntary movement.
Lateral Horn: (Thoracic and Lumbar regions) Contains preganglionic sympathetic neurons, involved in the autonomic nervous system's control of visceral functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
4. Clinical Significance of Understanding the Spinal Cord Cross Section
A thorough understanding of the spinal cord's cross-sectional anatomy is critical in several clinical settings:
Diagnosing Neurological Disorders: Analyzing the location and extent of spinal cord lesions (e.g., tumors, trauma, multiple sclerosis) on imaging studies like MRI can help pinpoint the affected tracts and predict the resulting neurological deficits.
Surgical Planning: Neurosurgeons rely on precise knowledge of spinal cord anatomy to perform minimally invasive procedures, avoiding damage to vital structures.
Rehabilitation: Understanding the affected regions of the spinal cord after injury allows for targeted rehabilitation strategies to maximize functional recovery.
5. Exploring Different Levels of Spinal Cord Cross Sections
The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord is not uniform along its entire length. Differences exist in the size and shape of the gray and white matter at different levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral), reflecting the varying distribution of sensory and motor innervation to different body regions. This variation is crucial to interpreting imaging studies and understanding the specific functional consequences of lesions at different spinal cord levels.
Model Name: The Comprehensive Spinal Cord Cross-Section Model
Outline:
Introduction: Overview of the spinal cord's importance and the purpose of the model.
Chapter 1: Gross Anatomy: External features and overall structure.
Chapter 2: Microscopic Anatomy: Detailed examination of gray and white matter, including specific tracts.
Chapter 3: Functional Regions: Specific roles of dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns.
Chapter 4: Clinical Correlations: Diagnosing and treating spinal cord injuries and diseases.
Conclusion: Recap of key concepts and future directions in spinal cord research.
(Note: The detailed explanation of each chapter point is already covered extensively in the body of the article above.)
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between gray and white matter in the spinal cord? Gray matter contains neuronal cell bodies, while white matter contains myelinated axons.
2. What are the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord? Dorsal roots carry sensory information into the spinal cord, while ventral roots carry motor information out.
3. What is the function of the central canal? It contains cerebrospinal fluid and helps to circulate it.
4. How does the cross-section of the spinal cord change along its length? The size and shape of the gray and white matter vary at different levels (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral).
5. What are some common neurological disorders affecting the spinal cord? Multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, tumors, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
6. How is an understanding of the spinal cord cross-section used in diagnosis? Imaging studies reveal lesions, helping to pinpoint affected tracts and predict neurological deficits.
7. How is this knowledge used in surgical planning? Surgeons use this information to perform minimally invasive procedures and avoid damage to vital structures.
8. What role does the spinal cord play in reflexes? Reflex arcs involve sensory input, processing within the spinal cord, and motor output, often without brain involvement.
9. What are some future research directions concerning the spinal cord? Stem cell therapies for spinal cord injury, development of new neuroprotective agents, and advanced imaging techniques for diagnosis.
Related Articles:
1. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Guide: Covers various rehabilitation techniques and strategies for recovery.
2. Multiple Sclerosis and its Impact on the Spinal Cord: Explores the effects of MS on spinal cord function.
3. The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Spinal Cord Function: Discusses the involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
4. Advanced Imaging Techniques for Spinal Cord Diagnosis: Reviews modern techniques like MRI and fMRI.
5. Surgical Interventions for Spinal Cord Compression: Explains various surgical techniques used to treat spinal cord compression.
6. The Anatomy of Spinal Nerves: Detailed exploration of the structure and function of spinal nerves.
7. Understanding Spinal Cord Reflexes: A Practical Approach: Explains the physiology and clinical significance of spinal reflexes.
8. The Development of the Spinal Cord During Embryogenesis: Covers the process of spinal cord formation during fetal development.
9. Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Current Research and Future Prospects: Discusses the potential of stem cell therapy to repair spinal cord damage.
| cross section of spinal cord model: The Spinal Cord Ciba Foundation, J. L. Malcolm, Gordon Ethelbert Ward Wolstenholme, John Archibald Browne Gray, 1953 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Anatomy & Physiology Lindsay Biga, Devon Quick, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Jon Runyeon, 2019-09-26 A version of the OpenStax text |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Simulation of the excitation of human lower spinal cord structures with surface electrodes: 3D finite element analysis and nerve fiber modeling , 2008 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023 Juerg Hodler, Rahel A. Kubik-Huch, Gustav K. von Schulthess, 2020-02-14 This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. Written by leading international experts and teachers, the chapters are disease-oriented and cover all relevant imaging modalities, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The book also includes a synopsis of pediatric imaging. IDKD books are rewritten (not merely updated) every four years, which means they offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in imaging. The book is clearly structured and features learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers navigate the text. It will particularly appeal to general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic expertise, as well as clinicians from other specialties who are interested in imaging for their patient care. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: The Spinal Cord Charles Watson, George Paxinos, Gulgun Kayalioglu, 2009-11-27 Many hundreds of thousands suffer spinal cord injuries leading to loss of sensation and motor function in the body below the point of injury. Spinal cord research has made some significant strides towards new treatment methods, and is a focus of many laboratories worldwide. In addition, research on the involvement of the spinal cord in pain and the abilities of nervous tissue in the spine to regenerate has increasingly been on the forefront of biomedical research in the past years. The Spinal Cord, a collaboration with the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, is the first comprehensive book on the anatomy of the mammalian spinal cord. Tens of thousands of articles and dozens of books are published on this subject each year, and a great deal of experimental work has been carried out on the rat spinal cord. Despite this, there is no comprehensive and authoritative atlas of the mammalian spinal cord. Almost all of the fine details of spinal cord anatomy must be searched for in journal articles on particular subjects. This book addresses this need by providing both a comprehensive reference on the mammalian spinal cord and a comparative atlas of both rat and mouse spinal cords in one convenient source. The book provides a descriptive survey of the details of mammalian spinal cord anatomy, focusing on the rat with many illustrations from the leading experts in the field and atlases of the rat and the mouse spinal cord. The rat and mouse spinal cord atlas chapters include photographs of Nissl stained transverse sections from each of the spinal cord segments (obtained from a single unfixed spinal cord), detailed diagrams of each of the spinal cord segments pictured, delineating the laminae of Rexed and all other significant neuronal groupings at each level and photographs of additional sections displaying markers such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin, calretinin, choline acetlytransferase, neurofilament protein (SMI 32), enkephalin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN). - The text provides a detailed account of the anatomy of the mammalian spinal cord and surrounding musculoskeletal elements - The major topics addressed are: development of the spinal cord; the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and its meninges; spinal nerves, nerve roots, and dorsal root ganglia; the vertebral column, vertebral joints, and vertebral muscles; blood supply of the spinal cord; cytoarchitecture and chemoarchitecture of the spinal gray matter; musculotopic anatomy of motoneuron groups; tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord; spinospinal pathways; sympathetic and parasympathetic elements in the spinal cord; neuronal groups and pathways that control micturition; the anatomy of spinal cord injury in experimental animals - The atlas of the rat and mouse spinal cord has the following features: Photographs of Nissl stained transverse sections from each of 34 spinal segments for the rat and mouse; Detailed diagrams of each of the 34 spinal segments for rat and mouse, delineating the laminae of Rexed and all other significant neuronal groupings at each level. ; Alongside each of the 34 Nissl stained segments, there are additional sections displaying markers such as acetylcholinesterase, calbindin, calretinin, choline acetlytransferase, neurofilament protein (SMI 32), and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) - All the major motoneuron clusters are identified in relation to the individual muscles or muscle groups they supply |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Comprehensive Biomaterials II Kevin Healy, Dietmar W. Hutmacher, David W. Grainger, C. James Kirkpatrick, 2017-05-18 Comprehensive Biomaterials II, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set brings together the myriad facets of biomaterials into one expertly-written series of edited volumes. Articles address the current status of nearly all biomaterials in the field, their strengths and weaknesses, their future prospects, appropriate analytical methods and testing, device applications and performance, emerging candidate materials as competitors and disruptive technologies, research and development, regulatory management, commercial aspects, and applications, including medical applications. Detailed coverage is given to both new and emerging areas and the latest research in more traditional areas of the field. Particular attention is given to those areas in which major recent developments have taken place. This new edition, with 75% new or updated articles, will provide biomedical scientists in industry, government, academia, and research organizations with an accurate perspective on the field in a manner that is both accessible and thorough. Reviews the current status of nearly all biomaterials in the field by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, performance, and future prospects Covers all significant emerging technologies in areas such as 3D printing of tissues, organs and scaffolds, cell encapsulation; multimodal delivery, cancer/vaccine - biomaterial applications, neural interface understanding, materials used for in situ imaging, and infection prevention and treatment Effectively describes the many modern aspects of biomaterials from basic science, to clinical applications |
| cross section of spinal cord model: A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology Donnersberger, 2009-03-02 Thoroughly updated throughout, and now incorporating a full color design and art program, the ninth edition of A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology provides students with an accessible, comprehensive introduction to A&P. It is specifically designed for the laboratory portion of a one- or two-term course in anatomy and physiology for students planning a health science, allied health, or health-related career. The texts 15 integrated units use the cat as the dissection animal, while also emphasizing the human anatomy. This classic text is a proven must-have resource and learning tool for the A&P lab! |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, Volume 2 Christian Constanda, Matteo Dalla Riva, Pier Domenico Lamberti, Paolo Musolino, 2017-09-08 This contributed volume contains a collection of articles on the most recent advances in integral methods. The second of two volumes, this work focuses on the applications of integral methods to specific problems in science and engineering. Written by internationally recognized researchers, the chapters in this book are based on talks given at the Fourteenth International Conference on Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, held July 25-29, 2016, in Padova, Italy. A broad range of topics is addressed, such as:• Boundary elements• Transport problems• Option pricing• Gas reservoirs• Electromagnetic scattering This collection will be of interest to researchers in applied mathematics, physics, and mechanical and petroleum engineering, as well as graduate students in these disciplines, and to other professionals who use integration as an essential tool in their work. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Anatomy and Physiology J. Gordon Betts, Peter DeSaix, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, James A. Wise, Mark Womble, Kelly A. Young, 2013-04-25 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord Julien Cohen-Adad, Claudia Wheeler-Kingshott, 2014-01-16 Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord is the first book focused on quantitative MRI techniques with specific application to the human spinal cord. This work includes coverage of diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, relaxometry, functional MRI, and spectroscopy. Although these methods have been successfully used in the brain for the past 20 years, their application in the spinal cord remains problematic due to important acquisition challenges (such as small cross-sectional size, motion, and susceptibility artifacts). To date, there is no consensus on how to apply these techniques; this book reviews and synthesizes state-of-the-art methods so users can successfully apply them to the spinal cord. Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord introduces the theory behind each quantitative technique, reviews each theory's applications in the human spinal cord and describes its pros and cons, and suggests a simple protocol for applying each quantitative technique to the spinal cord. - Chapters authored by international experts in the field of MRI of the spinal cord - Contains cooking recipes—examples of imaging parameters for each quantitative technique—designed to aid researchers and clinicians in using them in practice - Ideal for clinical settings |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Integral Methods in Science and Engineering Christian Constanda, Bardo E.J. Bodmann, Paul J. Harris, 2023-10-31 This volume contains a collection of articles on state-of-the-art developments in the construction of theoretical integral techniques and their application to specific problems in science and engineering. Chapters in this book are based on talks given at the Seventeenth International Conference on Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, held virtually in July 2022, and are written by internationally recognized researchers. This collection will be of interest to researchers in applied mathematics, physics, and mechanical, electrical, and petroleum engineering, as well as graduate students in these disciplines and other professionals for whom integration is an essential working tool. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Atlas of Functional Anatomy for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Miguel Angel Reina, José Antonio De Andrés, Admir Hadzic, Alberto Prats-Galino, Xavier Sala-Blanch, André A.J. van Zundert, 2014-11-26 This is the first atlas to depict in high-resolution images the fine structure of the spinal canal, the nervous plexuses, and the peripheral nerves in relation to clinical practice. The Atlas of Functional Anatomy for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine contains more than 1500 images of unsurpassed quality, most of which have never been published, including scanning electron microscopy images of neuronal ultrastructures, macroscopic sectional anatomy, and three-dimensional images reconstructed from patient imaging studies. Each chapter begins with a short introduction on the covered subject but then allows the images to embody the rest of the work; detailed text accompanies figures to guide readers through anatomy, providing evidence-based, clinically relevant information. Beyond clinically relevant anatomy, the book features regional anesthesia equipment (needles, catheters, surgical gloves) and overview of some cutting edge research instruments (e.g. scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy). Of interest to regional anesthesiologists, interventional pain physicians, and surgeons, this compendium is meant to complement texts that do not have this type of graphic material in the subjects of regional anesthesia, interventional pain management, and surgical techniques of the spine or peripheral nerves. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Handbook of Veterinary Neurology - E-Book Michael D. Lorenz, Joan Coates, Marc Kent, 2010-12-07 Handbook of Veterinary Neurology provides quick access to vital information on neurologic conditions in a wide range of species, including canine, feline, bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, and porcine. A problem-oriented approach makes it easy to diagnose and treat neurologic problems in small and large animals. The coverage of disorders by problem, not by established disease diagnosis, emulates how animals present to the veterinary hospital and simplifies the formulation of a correct diagnosis. Within each chapter, discussions of neurologic disease include a review of the localization criteria and the diseases that can cause that problem, plus treatment and surgical techniques. Lead author Michael D. Lorenz brings decades of experience to neurologic assessment, using a diagnostic approach that requires minimal knowledge of neuroanatomy. - A problem-based approach is organized by presenting sign rather than by condition, guiding you to logical conclusions regarding diagnosis and treatment. - Algorithms diagram the logic necessary to localize lesions and to formulate diagnostic plans. - Coverage of current diagnostic techniques includes the use of diagnostic tools, such as radiology, spinal fluid analysis, electrodiagnosis, and MR imaging. - Case histories in each chapter present a problem and the results of the neurologic examination, then ask you to solve the problem by localizing the lesion, listing probable causes, and making a diagnostic plan. Answers are provided at the back of the book. - A consistent format for each case history includes signalment, history, physical examination findings, and neurologic examination. - A comprehensive appendix describes species and breeds that have a congenital predisposition for particular neurologic diseases. - Extensive references make it easy to pursue in-depth research of more advanced topics. - A companion website includes 20 narrated video clips with accompanying PowerPoint slides that correlate to the case histories in the book, covering neurologic assessment and clinical problems such as paresis of one limb, tetraparesis, stupor, seizures, ataxia of the head and limbs, and cranial nerve disorders. - Two new co-authors, Jean Coates and Marc Kent, board-certified in neurology, enhance the credibility of this edition. - A full-color design and numerous illustrations include enhanced images of neuroanatomy and pathology. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology Anne B. Donnersberger, Anne Lesak Scott, 2005-10 At last, a brand new fetal pig version of the classic laboratory textbook by Donnersberger and Lesak Scott! This new book is the ideal lab text for a one- or two-term course in anatomy and physiology for students planning a health science or health-related career. Featuring fifteen integrated units, each consisting of a Purpose, Objectives, Materials, Procedures, Self-Test, Case Studies, and Short Answer Questions, this comprehensive lab text makes an ideal companion to any current anatomy and physiology text, or it can be used as both a main text and lab manual. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Discovering the Brain National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Sandra Ackerman, 1992-01-01 The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the Decade of the Brain by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a field guide to the brainâ€an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€and how a gut feeling actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the Decade of the Brain, with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€and many scientists as wellâ€with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the Decade of the Brain. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: The Mouse Nervous System Charles Watson, George Paxinos, Luis Puelles, 2011-11-28 The Mouse Nervous System provides a comprehensive account of the central nervous system of the mouse. The book is aimed at molecular biologists who need a book that introduces them to the anatomy of the mouse brain and spinal cord, but also takes them into the relevant details of development and organization of the area they have chosen to study. The Mouse Nervous System offers a wealth of new information for experienced anatomists who work on mice. The book serves as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in neuroscience. Systematic consideration of the anatomy and connections of all regions of the brain and spinal cord by the authors of the most cited rodent brain atlases A major section (12 chapters) on functional systems related to motor control, sensation, and behavioral and emotional states A detailed analysis of gene expression during development of the forebrain by Luis Puelles, the leading researcher in this area Full coverage of the role of gene expression during development and the new field of genetic neuroanatomy using site-specific recombinases Examples of the use of mouse models in the study of neurological illness |
| cross section of spinal cord model: The Brain and Behavior David L. Clark, Nashaat N. Boutros, Mario F. Mendez, 2005-09-08 New edition building on the success of previous one. Retains core aim of providing an accessible introduction to behavioral neuroanatomy. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Motion Preservation Surgery of the Spine James J. Yue, 2008 Accompanying DVD contains 13 separate videos of ... surgical techniques ... narrated by the experts.--P. [4] of cover. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Lumbar Injury Biomechanics Jeffrey A Pike, 2013-08-01 The amount of load that can be borne by the different components of the lumbar region is fairly well understood, as are resulting injuries from overloading. Less severe lumbar injuries involve a wide range of factors, including: heredity, obesity, age, occupation, sports, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression. Some of the most painful conditions that require high levels of care involve lumbar spine fracture or soft tissue injury from falls, contact sports, vehicle collisions, aircraft ejection, and underbody blasts from roadway explosions (military injuries). Each of these injury scenarios elicits a different kinematic response of the spine as a result of load direction, magnitude, and duration. Updated from a popular earlier volume, this new compendium includes landmark papers from 1994 through 2013 that focus exclusively on lumbar injuries. It also features an introductory chapter, “Blunt Lumbar Trauma” that provides an overview of the anatomy of the lumbar region, injury, and injury mechanisms, as well as an extensive literature update. This edition is the third in a series of biomechanics compendia edited by Mr. Pike. Earlier editions covered injuries of the neck and head. For this volume, Mr. Pike and the advisory panel selected 15 of the best papers from a variety of sources including SAE International, IRCOBI, Stapp, NHTSA, ESV, and the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The book will be helpful to those studying lumbar injury from a broad range of causes, including transportation, falls, sports, personal violence, and blast-related. Professionals from a variety of disciplines will find the book useful: biomechanics, accident reconstruction, medical and rehabilitation, insurance, legal, and law enforcement. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery 26E Norman Williams, P Ronan O'Connell, 2013-02-18 Highly Commended, BMA Medical Book Awards 2014 Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery remains one of the world's pre-eminent medical textbooks, beloved by generations of surgeons, with lifetime sales in excess of one million copies. Under the guidance of the eminent editors, the expert team of contributors have revised and updated the material throughout while retaining those features praised in previous editions. The content is sub-divided into parts for ease of reference. Sections devoted to the underlying principles of surgical practice, investigation and diagnosis, and pre-operative care are followed by chapters covering all aspects of surgical trauma. The remainder of the book considers each of the surgical specialties in turn, from elective orthopaedics through skin, head, and neck, breast and endocrine, cardiothoracic and vascular, abdominal and genitourinary to transplantation. Key features: Authoritative — emphasises the importance of effective clinical examination and soundly based surgical principles while taking account throughout of the latest developments in surgical practice Current — text and illustrations fully revised with brand new chapters on patient safety, day care surgery (outpatient), and bariatric surgery Readable — preserves the clear, direct writing style, uncluttered by technical jargon, that has proved so popular in previous editions User-friendly — numerous photographs, explanatory line diagrams, learning objectives, summary boxes, biographical footnotes and memorable anecdotes support and enhance the textual descriptions This 26th edition retains a wide appeal among all those studying surgery, from undergraduate medical students to those in preparation for their postgraduate surgical examinations. In addition, its high standing and reputation for unambiguous advice continue to make it the first point of reference for many practising surgeons. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Assessment of the Possible Health Effects of Ground Wave Emergency Network National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Radiation Effects Research, Committee on Assessment of the Possible Health Effects of Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN), 1993-02-01 Written at the request of the U.S. Air Force and Congress, this book evaluates the potential health effects associated with deployment of the Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN), a communications system to be used in case of a high-altitude detonation of a nuclear device. The committee, composed of experts in biophysics, physics, risk assessment, epidemiology, and cancer, examines data from laboratory and epidemiologic studies of effects from electromagnetic fields to determine the likelihood of health effects being caused by the operation of a fully implemented GWEN system. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Part - Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual - E-Book Kevin T Patton, PhD, 2014-12-02 Effectively master various physiology, dissection, identification, and anatomic explorations in the laboratory setting with the Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual, 9th Edition. This practical, full-color lab manual contains 55 different A&P lab exercises that cover labeling anatomy identification, dissection, physiological experiments, computerized experiments, and more. The manual also includes safety tips, a comprehensive instruction and preparation guide for the laboratory, and tear-out worksheets for each of the 55 exercises. In addition, 8 e-Lab modules offer authentic 3D lab experiences online for virtual lab instruction. 8 interactive eLabs further your laboratory experience in the digital environment. Complete list of materials for each exercise offers a thorough checklist for planning and setting up laboratory activities. Over 250 illustrations depict proper procedures and common histology slides. Step-by-step guidance for dissection of anatomical models and fresh or preserved specimens, with accompanying illustrations, helps you become acclimated to the lab environment. Physiology experiments centering on functional processes of the human body offer immediate and exciting examples of physiological concepts. Easy-to-evaluate, tear-out lab reports contain checklists, drawing exercises, and questions that help you demonstrate your understanding of the labs they have participated in. Reader-friendly spiral binding allows for hands-free viewing in the lab setting. Labeling and coloring exercises provide opportunities to identify critical structures examined in the lab and lectures. Brief learning aids such as Hints, Landmark Characteristics, and Safety First! are found throughout the manual to help reinforce and apply knowledge of anatomy and function. Modern anatomical imaging techniques, such as MRIs, CTs, and ultrasonography, are introduced where appropriate. Boxed hints and safety tips provide you with special insights on handling specimens, using equipment, and managing lab activities. UPDATED! Fresh activities keep the manual current and ensure a strong connection with the new edition of the A&P textbook. NEW! Updated illustrations and design offer a fresh and upbeat look for the full-color design and learning objectives. NEW! Expanded and improved student resources on the Evolve companion website include a new version of the Body Spectrum electronic coloring book. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Operative Neuromodulation Damianos E. Sakas, Brian A. Simpson, 2007-12-03 This is the second part in a two-volume work on neuromodulation. It describes the techniques and procedures applied by direct contact with the central nervous system or cranial nerves (in order to modulate the function of neural networks) or in deeply located structures inside the nervous system (in order to alter the function on specific networks). |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Biology , 2002 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Emerging Horizons in Neuromodulation , 2012-12-31 This issue of International Review of Neurobiology brings together cutting-edge research on neuromodulation. It reviews current knowledge and understanding, provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners entering the field, and builds a platform for further research and discovery. - Brings together cutting-edge research on neuromodulation - Reviews current knowledge and understanding - Provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners entering the field, and builds a platform for further research and discovery |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Receptors J. Jacob, 2016-01-26 Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Volume l: Receptors contains the proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Pharmacology held in Paris, France, in 1978. The papers explore advances in the understanding of receptors, their pharmacology, and their therapeutic applications. Topics covered range from opiate receptors and their endogenous ligands to membrane receptors in eukaryotic cells. Applications of binding to pharmacological research are also discussed. This volume is comprised of 29 chapters and opens with an overview of the chemistry and biochemistry of pituitary endorphins, paying particular attention to the correlation between the analgesic potency, receptor binding properties, preferred solution conformation, and metabolic stability of natural and synthetic opioid peptides. The reader is then introduced to the biosynthesis and release of the enkephalins; opiate receptors and their endogenous ligands; denervation supersensitivity in skeletal muscle; and biochemistry and physiology of dopaminergic and beta-adrenergic receptors in mammalian central nervous system. The following chapters explore the role of guanylnucleotides in the regulation of hormonally stimulated adenylate cyclase; interactions of cholera toxin with cell membranes; problems in studying hormone receptor binding; and the mechanism of action of anti-hormones. This book will be of interest to practitioners in biosciences, pharmacology, physiology, and medicine. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Graphic Medicine, Humanizing Healthcare and Novel Approaches in Anatomical Education Leonard Shapiro, 2023-10-25 This book contains subjects by authors with a fresh, exciting and extensive focus within the medical humanities, offering the reader chapters which include the history of medical illustration, Graphic Medicine as a vehicle for the expression of humanistic dimensions of healthcare, equitable and ethical medical illustrations, as well as novel, art-based approaches in anatomical education. Authors consider the role of visual narratives in medical and scientific illustration, the unique affordances of the comics medium, the history of comics as a form of medical and scientific visualization, and the role of comics as didactic tools and as vehicles for the expression of the humanistic dimensions of healthcare. A chapter considers ethical and equitable implications in global healthcare practice, and highlights the work currently being undertaken to address inappropriate and problematic depictions of people in global health visualizations. This will inform the reader of emerging and current thinking about visual communication and the use of images in the public domain, as well as in the healthcare and education sectors. Novel approaches in anatomical education include the benefits of three-dimensional anatomy models made of felt, visual analogies as a method to enhance students’ learning of histology, the use of the hands for learning anatomy, and visualizing anatomy through art, archaeology and medicine. This book will appeal to readers who have an interest in the medical humanities, Graphic Medicine, and ethical medical and anatomical illustrations. These include academic and non-academic readers, medical students, medical educators, clinicians, health-care workers, as well as policy makers. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Neuroscience for Neurosurgeons Farhana Akter, Nigel Emptage, Florian Engert, Mitchel S. Berger, 2023-11-30 With advances in medicine and medical innovation, the face of neurosurgery has changed dramatically. A new era of surgeons value the need to undertake research in everyday practice and actively participate in the clinic and laboratory in order to improve patient prognosis. Highlighting the principles of basic neuroscience and its application to neurosurgical disease, this book breaks down neurological conditions into current academic themes and advances. The book is split into two sections, with the first covering basic and computational neuroscience including neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and the growing use of artificial intelligence. The second section concentrates on specific conditions, such as gliomas, degenerative cervical myelopathy and peripheral nerve injury. Outlining the pathophysiological underpinnings of neurosurgical conditions and the key investigative tools used to study disease burden, this book will be an invaluable source for the academic neurosurgeon undertaking basic and translational research. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Neuromodulation Elliot Krames, P. Hunter Peckham, Ali R. Rezai, 2018-01-05 Neuromodulation: Comprehensive Textbook of Principles, Technologies, and Therapies, Second Edition, serves as a comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. Since the publication of the first edition seven years ago, there has been an explosion of knowledge in neuromodulation, optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing. Users will find unique discussions of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies, and how they are applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs. The book focuses on comprehensive coverage of spinal cord stimulation, non-interventional and interventional brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and the emerging fields of neuromodulation, including optogenetics and bioelectronics medicine. - Provides a comprehensive reference that covers all aspects of the growing field of neuromodulation - Written by international, leading authorities in their respective fields of neuromodulation, pain management, functional neurosurgery and biomedical engineering - Includes new chapters on optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Functional Neuroanatomy Jeffrey T. Joseph, David L. Cardozo, 2004-02-04 An engaging and highly novel presentation of functional neuroanatomy, Functional Neuroanatomy provides a thorough understanding of the function of the central nervous system. Its takes a problem- and exercise-based approach to the material, with everything from dissections, radiological material, and histology to clinical cases and experimental data. The text shows histology of various neurological disorders, accompanied by descriptions of clinically relevant pathology. Numerous patient presentations support the case studies by offering real examples of how functional neuroanatomy applies to clinical problems. Taking a highly interactive approach to the field, the text offers over 500 clearly labeled images of gross, microscopic, and radiological images. It cross-references between chapters and reinforces concepts introduced earlier. The emphasis stays on clinical relevance throughout, and the book concludes with an atlas of labeled gross structures and cross-sections. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Neurophysiology and Standards of Spinal Cord Monitoring Thomas B. Ducker, Richard H. Brown, 2012-12-06 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology John Hole, 1996 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam TerenceR. Anthoney, 2017-11-01 In this book! Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam is an innovative, comprehensive thesaurus that surveys terminology from neuroanatomy and the neurologic examination, as well as related general terms from neurophysiology, neurohistology, neuroembryology, neuroradiology, and neuropathology. The author prepared the thesaurus by examining how terms were used in a large sample of recent, widely used general textbooks in basic neuroanatomy and clinical neurology. These textbooks were written by experts who received their primary professional training in 13 different countries, allowing the thesaurus to incorporate synonyms and conflicting definitions that occur as a result of variations in terminology used in other countries. The thesaurus contains: |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Role of Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui, Sally Ann Frautschy, Jorge Ivan Alvarez, 2022-07-13 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology Connie Allen, Valerie Harper, 2011-01-05 The Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology by Allen and Harper presents material in a clear and concise way. It is very interactive and contains activities and experiments that enhance readers’ ability to both visualize anatomical structures and understand physiological topics. Lab exercises are designed to require readers to first apply information they learned and then to critically evaluate it. All lab exercises promote group learning and the variety offers learning experiences for all types of learners (visual, kinesthetic, and auditory). Additionally, the design of the lab exercises makes them easily adaptable for distance learning courses. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Laboratory Manual to Accompany Human Anatomy and Physiology John W. Hole, 1984 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: The American Journal of Psychology , 1892 |
| cross section of spinal cord model: The Neuroscience of Spinal Cord Injury Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Colin R Martin, 2022-05-27 Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury will enhance readers' understanding of the complexities of the diagnosis and management of spinal cord injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, exercise, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact of the clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-term prognosis of spinal cord injuries on the lives of those affected. The book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand spinal cord injuries. Spinal injury affects about 10 million people annually worldwide, impacting on the family unit and causing lifelong disabilities, with varied symptoms including paresthesia, spasticity, loss of motor control, and often severe pain. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury will enhance readers' understanding of the biological and psychological effects of spinal cord injury. Featuring chapters on gene expression, metabolic effects, and behavior, this volume discusses in detail the impact of spinal cord injury to better understand the underlying pathways and processes. The book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries. Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: - Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord injury - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on epidemiology and pain - Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury - Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury: - Summarizes the neuroscience of spinal cord injury, including cellular and molecular biology - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events - Includes plasticity and gene expression - Examines health and stress behaviors after spinal cord injury |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Applications - Volume 2 Jeng-Shyang Pan, Ching-Nung Yang, Chia-Chen Lin, 2012-12-15 The field of Intelligent Systems and Applications has expanded enormously during the last two decades. Theoretical and practical results in this area are growing rapidly due to many successful applications and new theories derived from many diverse problems. This book is dedicated to the Intelligent Systems and Applications in many different aspects. In particular, this book is to provide highlights of the current research in Intelligent Systems and Applications. It consists of research papers in the following specific topics: l Authentication, Identification, and Signature l Intrusion Detection l Steganography, Data Hiding, and Watermarking l Database, System, and Communication Security l Computer Vision, Object Tracking, and Pattern Recognition l Image Processing, Medical Image Processing, and Video Coding l Digital Content, Digital Life, and Human Computer Interaction l Parallel, Peer-to-peer, Distributed, and Cloud Computing l Software Engineering and Programming Language This book provides a reference to theoretical problems as well as practical solutions and applications for the state-of-the-art results in Intelligent Systems and Applications on the aforementioned topics. In particular, both the academic community (graduate students, post-doctors and faculties) in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, and Applied Mathematics; and the industrial community (engineers, engineering managers, programmers, research lab staffs and managers, security managers) will find this book interesting. |
| cross section of spinal cord model: Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury Rajkumar Rajendram, Victor R Preedy, Colin R Martin, 2022-05-10 Spinal injury affects about 10 million people annually worldwide, impacting on the family unit and causing lifelong disabilities, with varied symptoms including paresthesia, spasticity, loss of motor control, and often severe pain. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury will enhance readers' understanding of the biological and psychological effects of spinal cord injury. Featuring chapters on gene expression, metabolic effects, and behavior, this volume discusses in detail the impact of spinal cord injury to better understand the underlying pathways and processes. The book has applicability for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries. - Summarizes the neuroscience of spinal cord injury, including cellular and molecular biology - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events - Includes plasticity and gene expression - Examines health and stress behaviors after spinal cord injury |
