Advertisement
Define Solvation in Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction:
Have you ever wondered why sugar dissolves in water or why salt disappears when you stir it into your soup? The answer lies in the fascinating chemical process of solvation. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the definition of solvation in chemistry, exploring its mechanisms, factors influencing it, and its crucial role in various chemical and biological processes. We'll unravel the intricacies of solute-solvent interactions, examining different types of solvation and their implications. By the end of this post, you'll have a solid understanding of this fundamental chemical concept and its applications.
What is Solvation in Chemistry?
Solvation, in its simplest form, is the process where solute particles are surrounded by solvent molecules. It's the heart of dissolution – the act of a substance dissolving in a liquid. Imagine a spoonful of sugar dissolving in a glass of water. The sugar (solute) breaks down into individual sugar molecules, which are then embraced and surrounded by water molecules (solvent). This interaction, this embrace, is solvation. It's more than just mixing; it's a complex interplay of intermolecular forces. The strength and nature of these forces dictate the extent to which the solute dissolves and the properties of the resulting solution.
Types of Solvation:
Solvation isn't a one-size-fits-all process. The nature of the interaction between the solute and solvent plays a pivotal role, leading to different types of solvation:
Hydration: This is a specific type of solvation where the solvent is water. Water's polar nature and its ability to form hydrogen bonds make it an excellent solvent for many ionic and polar substances. The interaction of water molecules with the solute is crucial for many biological processes, such as protein folding and enzyme activity.
Solvation with Organic Solvents: Organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, or methanol, can also solvate various solutes. The type of interaction depends on the polarity of both the solute and the solvent. Polar organic solvents will effectively solvate polar solutes, while non-polar organic solvents will dissolve non-polar solutes. This principle is the foundation of techniques like liquid-liquid extraction.
Factors Affecting Solvation:
Several factors influence the efficiency and extent of solvation:
Polarity: The polarity of both the solute and solvent is paramount. "Like dissolves like" is a fundamental rule – polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. This is due to the strength of attractive forces between molecules.
Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of solvation. Higher temperatures provide the kinetic energy needed to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the solute together.
Pressure: The effect of pressure on solvation is generally less significant than temperature and polarity, but it can still play a role, especially with gases dissolving in liquids.
Size and Shape of Molecules: The size and shape of both solute and solvent molecules influence how effectively they interact. Steric hindrance, the interference caused by the bulkiness of molecules, can limit solvation.
Presence of Other Ions or Molecules: The presence of other ions or molecules in the solution can compete with the solute for solvent molecules, affecting the solvation process. This is crucial in complex solutions like seawater.
Gibbs Free Energy and Solvation:
The spontaneity of solvation is governed by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). A negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous process, meaning the solute will readily dissolve in the solvent. This ΔG is influenced by enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS):
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
Enthalpy (ΔH): Represents the heat change during solvation. The breaking of solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions requires energy (endothermic, positive ΔH), while the formation of solute-solvent interactions releases energy (exothermic, negative ΔH).
Entropy (ΔS): Represents the change in disorder. Dissolution often leads to an increase in entropy (positive ΔS) as the solute particles become more dispersed.
The interplay between enthalpy and entropy determines the overall free energy change and whether solvation will occur spontaneously.
Applications of Solvation:
Solvation is a cornerstone of numerous chemical and biological processes:
Drug Delivery: Solvation is crucial for designing drug formulations. The solubility of a drug determines its bioavailability – how well it's absorbed and utilized by the body.
Industrial Processes: Many industrial processes rely on solvation, such as the production of paints, dyes, and polymers.
Environmental Chemistry: Understanding solvation helps us predict the fate of pollutants in the environment, as their solubility determines their mobility and potential impact.
Electrochemistry: Solvation affects the behavior of ions in electrochemical cells, influencing their conductivity and reactivity.
Conclusion:
Solvation is a fundamental chemical process with far-reaching implications. Understanding the factors influencing solvation allows us to manipulate and control the behavior of solutions, leading to advances in various fields. From drug development to environmental remediation, the principles of solvation are essential for understanding and improving numerous applications. This in-depth exploration provides a solid foundation for appreciating the complexity and importance of solvation in chemistry.
Article Outline:
Title: Define Solvation in Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction: Hook, overview of the topic.
Chapter 1: Defining Solvation: Detailed explanation of the process.
Chapter 2: Types of Solvation: Hydration, solvation with organic solvents.
Chapter 3: Factors Influencing Solvation: Polarity, temperature, pressure, molecular size/shape.
Chapter 4: Gibbs Free Energy and Solvation: Thermodynamic aspects.
Chapter 5: Applications of Solvation: Drug delivery, industrial processes, environmental chemistry, electrochemistry.
Conclusion: Summary and key takeaways.
FAQs: Frequently asked questions about solvation.
Related Articles: List of related articles with brief descriptions.
(The detailed content for each chapter is provided above in the main article body.)
FAQs:
1. What is the difference between solvation and dissolution? Dissolution is the overall process of a solute dissolving in a solvent, while solvation refers specifically to the interaction between the solute and solvent molecules.
2. Can non-polar substances be solvated? Yes, but only by non-polar solvents. The interactions are weaker, typically van der Waals forces.
3. How does temperature affect solvation rate? Higher temperatures generally increase the rate because they provide more kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces.
4. Why is hydration a special type of solvation? Because water is such a common and important solvent, its interaction with solutes has unique properties and biological significance.
5. What is the role of entropy in solvation? Increased entropy (disorder) usually favors solvation, as the solute particles become more dispersed in solution.
6. How does solvation relate to solubility? Solvation is the microscopic process that determines the macroscopic property of solubility (how much solute dissolves in a given amount of solvent).
7. What are some examples of solvation in everyday life? Dissolving sugar in coffee, salt in water, cleaning with detergents (solvents dissolving dirt).
8. How is solvation important in drug delivery? The solubility of a drug affects how well it can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
9. Can solvation be reversed? Yes, by methods like evaporation or precipitation, depending on the solute and solvent.
Related Articles:
1. Understanding Solubility: Explores the different factors governing solubility and its relationship to solvation.
2. Intermolecular Forces and Their Impact on Solvation: A deep dive into the various forces driving solvation.
3. The Role of Solvation in Chemical Reactions: Explains how solvation influences reaction rates and mechanisms.
4. Hydration Shells: Structure and Dynamics: Focuses on the structure and behavior of water molecules surrounding a solute.
5. Solvation in Biological Systems: Discusses the importance of solvation in protein folding, enzyme activity, and other biological processes.
6. Solvation and Electrolyte Solutions: Examines the behavior of ions in solution and their impact on conductivity.
7. Solvent Selection in Organic Chemistry: Provides guidance on choosing the appropriate solvent for different chemical reactions.
8. Techniques for Measuring Solvation: Introduces experimental methods for studying solvation processes.
9. Applications of Solvation in Nanotechnology: Explores how solvation is used in the synthesis and manipulation of nanomaterials.
| define solvation in chemistry: Chemistry 2e Paul Flowers, Richard Langely, William R. Robinson, Klaus Hellmut Theopold, 2019-02-14 Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative features, including interactive exercises and real-world applications, designed to enhance student learning. The second edition has been revised to incorporate clearer, more current, and more dynamic explanations, while maintaining the same organization as the first edition. Substantial improvements have been made in the figures, illustrations, and example exercises that support the text narrative. Changes made in Chemistry 2e are described in the preface to help instructors transition to the second edition. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Ionic Solvation Gennadiĭ Alekseevich Krestov, 1994 This comprehensive, widely-read anthology presents cogent and provocativearticles from differing political perspectives on major issues in post-World WarII America. The fourth edition is considerably expanded to include newselections on the AIDS epidemic, gay rights, the women's movement, and theClinton-Gore administration. In addition to articles by leading historians theeditors have chosen first-person accounts by participants in each of the issuesunder discussion, from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from the BirminghamJail to Al Gore's speech on environmentalism. With lively introductions to eachsection providing a context for the articles, this book helps students makesense of the tumultuous world of our time. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Solvation Thermodynamics Arieh Y. Ben-Naim, 2013-03-09 This book deals with a subject that has been studied since the beginning of physical chemistry. Despite the thousands of articles and scores of books devoted to solvation thermodynamics, I feel that some fundamen tal and well-established concepts underlying the traditional approach to this subject are not satisfactory and need revision. The main reason for this need is that solvation thermodynamics has traditionally been treated in the context of classical (macroscopic) ther modynamics alone. However, solvation is inherently a molecular pro cess, dependent upon local rather than macroscopic properties of the system. Therefore, the starting point should be based on statistical mechanical methods. For many years it has been believed that certain thermodynamic quantities, such as the standard free energy (or enthalpy or entropy) of solution, may be used as measures of the corresponding functions of solvation of a given solute in a given solvent. I first challenged this notion in a paper published in 1978 based on analysis at the molecular level. During the past ten years, I have introduced several new quantities which, in my opinion, should replace the conventional measures of solvation thermodynamics. To avoid confusing the new quantities with those referred to conventionally in the literature as standard quantities of solvation, I called these nonconventional, generalized, and local standard quantities and attempted to point out the advantages of these new quantities over the conventional ones. |
| define solvation in chemistry: The Chemical Physics of Solvation Revaz R. Dogonadze, 1985 |
| define solvation in chemistry: Chemistry For B.Sc. Students Semester I | Inorganic Chemistry | Organic Chemistry - NEP 2020 Maharashtra Ravin M Jugade, Vijay M Tangde, This textbook is designed specifically for the B.Sc. Chemistry curriculum under the National Education Policy (NEP) in Maharashtra, provides a comprehensive and solid foundation of the subject. The chapters have been meticulously selected and structured to align with the educational objectives of fostering analytical thinking, enhancing problem-solving skills, and cultivating a deep understanding of fundamental chemistry. More than just a collection of theoretical concepts, this textbook encourages students to apply these principles. Through a wealth of examples and problems, the students are guided to develop a practical and profound understanding of chemistry, preparing them for future academic and professional pursuits. Whether you are a student aiming to excel in your studies or an educator seeking a reliable resource, this textbook is an indispensable tool on the journey to mastering the fascinating world of chemistry. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Ideas of Quantum Chemistry Lucjan Piela, 2006-11-28 Ideas of Quantum Chemistry shows how quantum mechanics is applied to chemistry to give it a theoretical foundation. The structure of the book (a TREE-form) emphasizes the logical relationships between various topics, facts and methods. It shows the reader which parts of the text are needed for understanding specific aspects of the subject matter. Interspersed throughout the text are short biographies of key scientists and their contributions to the development of the field.Ideas of Quantum Chemistry has both textbook and reference work aspects. Like a textbook, the material is organized into digestable sections with each chapter following the same structure. It answers frequently asked questions and highlights the most important conclusions and the essential mathematical formulae in the text. In its reference aspects, it has a broader range than traditional quantum chemistry books and reviews virtually all of the pertinent literature. It is useful both for beginners as well as specialists in advanced topics of quantum chemistry. The book is supplemented by an appendix on the Internet.* Presents the widest range of quantum chemical problems covered in one book * Unique structure allows material to be tailored to the specific needs of the reader * Informal language facilitates the understanding of difficult topics |
| define solvation in chemistry: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY R.C SARASWAT, S.R. CHIKTE, M.P. SINGH, 1. IONIC SOLIDS 1-15 Types of Solids 1; Space Lattice, Lattice Point and Unit Cell of a Crystal 1; Ionic Crystal Structures 2; Structure of Sodium Chloride (Nacl) 3, Structure of Cesium Chloride (CsCl) 3; Limitations of Radius Ratio Rule 6; Lattice Energy 6; Factors Affecting Lattice Energy 7; Born- Haber Cycle 7; Solvation Energy 10; Definition of Solvation Energy 11; Factors Affecting Solvation and Solvation Energy 11; Polarization, Polarizing Power and Polarizability 12; Fajan's Rules 12. 2. METALLIC BONDING 16-23 Metallic Bonding 16; Factors Favoring the Formation of Metallic Bond 16; Electron Sea Theory 16; Metallic Properties 17; Thermal Conductivity 17; Electrical Conductivity 17; Malleability and Ductility 18; Metallic Luster 18; Valence Bond Theory 19; Band Theory : Molecular Orbital Approach 19; Band Structures of Conductors, Insulators and Semi-conductors 20. 3. HYDROGEN BONDING 24-27 Hydrogen Bonding 24; Types of Hydrogen Bond 25; Consequences of Hydrogen Bonding 26. 4. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS OF FIRST TRANSITION SERIES 28-43 Properties of First Transition Series Elements 29; Atomic and Ionic Radii 30; Ionization Potential 31; Oxidation State 33; Magnetic Property 37; Complex Formation Tendency 40; Catalytic Property 40. 5. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS OF SECOND AND THIRD TRANSITION SERIES 44-54 Electronic Configuration of Second Transition Series 44; Electronic Configuration of Third Transition Series 45. 6. ERRORS IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 55-69 Errors 55; Mean and Median 57; Accuracy and Precision 58; Methods of Expressing Accuracy 58; Methods of Expressing Precision 59; Uncertainty 63; Significant Figures 63; Calculations Involving Significant Figures 64; Rejection of Data 65; Q-Test 65; 2.5d and 4d Rule 67. 7. THEORY OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 70-85 Necessary Conditions for Volumetric or Titrimetric Reactions 70; Primary and Secondary Solutions 70; Expressions of Concentration of Solutions 71; Acid-Base Titrations (Acidimetry or Alkalimetry) 72; Theories of Acid-Base Indicator 73; Choice of Suitable Indicators for Different Acid-Base Titrations 76; Redox Titrations 78; Theory of Complexometric Titrations 81; Theory of Metallochrome Indicator 83. 8. NON- AQUEOUS SOLVENTS 86-102 Introduction 86; Physical Properties of a Solvent 88; General Characteristics of Solvents 90; Liquid Ammonia as a Non-Aqueous Solvent 90; Reactions Occurring in Liquid Ammonia 91; Liquid Sulphur Dioxide as Solvent 95. 9. FERTILIZERS 103-113 Functions of Fertilizers 103; Classification of Fertilizers 104; Chemical Fertilizers 104; Organic Manures 109; Bulky Organic Manures 110; Concentrated Organic Manure 111. 10. PORTLAND CEMENT 114-128 Raw Materials of Portland Cement 114; Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 115; Methods of Manufacturing of Portland Cement 115; Wet Process 115; Dry Process 116; Types of Portland Cement 116; Chemical Reaction in Rotary Kiln or Thermochemical Changes during Cement Formation 117; Setting of Cement 119; Time of Setting 120; Properties of Cement 120; Additives for Cement 121; Characteristics of Constitutional Compounds in Portland Cement 122; Mortars 124. • PAPERS 129-132 |
| define solvation in chemistry: General Chemistry for Engineers Jeffrey Gaffney, Nancy Marley, 2017-11-13 General Chemistry for Engineers explores the key areas of chemistry needed for engineers. This book develops material from the basics to more advanced areas in a systematic fashion. As the material is presented, case studies relevant to engineering are included that demonstrate the strong link between chemistry and the various areas of engineering. - Serves as a unique chemistry reference source for professional engineers - Provides the chemistry principles required by various engineering disciplines - Begins with an 'atoms first' approach, building from the simple to the more complex chemical concepts - Includes engineering case studies connecting chemical principles to solving actual engineering problems - Links chemistry to contemporary issues related to the interface between chemistry and engineering practices |
| define solvation in chemistry: Modern Physical Organic Chemistry Eric V. Anslyn, Dennis A. Dougherty, 2006 In additionto covering thoroughly the core areas of physical organic chemistry -structure and mechanism - this book will escortthe practitioner of organic chemistry into a field that has been thoroughlyupdated. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Solvent Effects and Chemical Reactivity Orlando Tapia, Juan Bertrán, 2003-07-31 This book presents an up-to-date view of theories, practical methods and applications of solvent effects and chemical reactivity in condensed phases. Subjects treated include continuum solvation models, the theoretical basis for the treatment of solvent effects in density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulations of chemical reactions in solution, DFT molecular dynamics simulations, crossing the transition state in solution, valence bond multi-state approach to chemical reactions in solution, quantum theory of solvent effects and chemical reactions. The approaches taken as well as the resulting findings are discussed in detail, thus covering a large part of the methodology currently used in this field. Audience: This volume will be useful to graduate students in chemistry, physical chemistry and biochemistry, to research workers with a background in quantum chemistry and quantum mechanics, to pure and applied quantum chemists, and to industrial molecular modellers. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Chemistry, Life, the Universe and Everything Melanie Cooper, Michael Klymkowsky, 2014-06-27 As you can see, this molecular formula is not very informative, it tells us little or nothing about their structure, and suggests that all proteins are similar, which is confusing since they carry out so many different roles. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 33 Stephen J. Lippard, 2009-09-17 This comprehensive series of volumes on inorganic chemistry provides inorganic chemists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Every volume reports recent progress with a significant, up-to-date selection of papers by internationally recognized researchers, complemented by detailed discussions and complete documentation. Each volume features a complete subject index and the series includes a cumulative index as well. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Dissolution Techniques Gary L. Silver, 1977 |
| define solvation in chemistry: Encyclopedia of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry John H. Moore, Nicholas D. Spencer, 2023-07-03 The Encyclopedia of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics introduces possibly unfamiliar areas, explains important experimental and computational techniques, and describes modern endeavors. The encyclopedia quickly provides the basics, defines the scope of each subdiscipline, and indicates where to go for a more complete and detailed explanation. Particular attention has been paid to symbols and abbreviations to make this a user-friendly encyclopedia. Care has been taken to ensure that the reading level is suitable for the trained chemist or physicist. The encyclopedia is divided in three major sections: FUNDAMENTALS: the mechanics of atoms and molecules and their interactions, the macroscopic and statistical description of systems at equilibrium, and the basic ways of treating reacting systems. The contributions in this section assume a somewhat less sophisticated audience than the two subsequent sections. At least a portion of each article inevitably covers material that might also be found in a modern, undergraduate physical chemistry text. METHODS: the instrumentation and fundamental theory employed in the major spectroscopic techniques, the experimental means for characterizing materials, the instrumentation and basic theory employed in the study of chemical kinetics, and the computational techniques used to predict the static and dynamic properties of materials. APPLICATIONS: specific topics of current interest and intensive research. For the practicing physicist or chemist, this encyclopedia is the place to start when confronted with a new problem or when the techniques of an unfamiliar area might be exploited. For a graduate student in chemistry or physics, the encyclopedia gives a synopsis of the basics and an overview of the range of activities in which physical principles are applied to chemical problems. It will lead any of these groups to the salient points of a new field as rapidly as possible and gives pointers as to where to read about the topic in more detail. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Femtochemistry and Femtobiology Monique M. Martin, James T. Hynes, 2004 This book reflects the heights of knowledge of ultrafast chemical processes attained in these early years of the 21st century : the latest research in femtosecond and picosecond molecular processes in Chemistry and Biology, carried out around the world, is described here in more than 110 articles. The results were presented and discussed at the VIth International Conference on Femtochemistry, in Paris, France, from July 6 to July 10, 2003. The articles published here were reviewed by referees selected from specialists in the Femtochemistry community, guaranteeing a collective responsability for the quality of the research reported in the next 564 pages. Femtochemistry is an ever-growing field, where new research areas are constantly opening up, and one which both stimulates and accompanies the development of ultrafast technologies. The increasing interest in femtobiology and chemistry at the frontier with biology is an obvious indicator of the present impact of life sciences in our society. New materials and reactions at surfaces are also some of the relatively new topics that promise rapid developments. New methodologies and technologies for probing and following in real time molecular dynamical phenomena have appeared within the last ten years or so. These methods, based on multidimensional IR spectroscopies, ultrafast X-ray and electron diffraction techniques, are well represented in this book. Of ever-improving performance, they are now applied to the characterization of structural dynamics of an increasing number of chemical and biological systems. This book reports the state of research in Femtochemistry and Femtobiology presented at Paris, at the Maison de la Chimie, in July 2003, representing the tenth anniversary of the conference. * Overview of the most recent research on ultrafast events * Application of new methodologies on chemical and biological systems * Contributions by key players in the field |
| define solvation in chemistry: The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry Camille Georges Wermuth, David Aldous, Pierre Raboisson, Didier Rognan, 2015-07-01 The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, Fourth Edition provides a practical and comprehensive overview of the daily issues facing pharmaceutical researchers and chemists. In addition to its thorough treatment of basic medicinal chemistry principles, this updated edition has been revised to provide new and expanded coverage of the latest technologies and approaches in drug discovery.With topics like high content screening, scoring, docking, binding free energy calculations, polypharmacology, QSAR, chemical collections and databases, and much more, this book is the go-to reference for all academic and pharmaceutical researchers who need a complete understanding of medicinal chemistry and its application to drug discovery and development. - Includes updated and expanded material on systems biology, chemogenomics, computer-aided drug design, and other important recent advances in the field - Incorporates extensive color figures, case studies, and practical examples to help users gain a further understanding of key concepts - Provides high-quality content in a comprehensive manner, including contributions from international chapter authors to illustrate the global nature of medicinal chemistry and drug development research - An image bank is available for instructors at www.textbooks.elsevier.com |
| define solvation in chemistry: Free Energy Relationships in Organic and Bio-organic Chemistry Andrew Williams, 2003 Introducing the application of free energy correlations to elucidating the mechanisms of organic and bio-organic reactions, this book provides a new and illuminating way of approaching a potentially complex topic. The idea of how free energy correlations derive from polar substituent change is introduced, and common pitfalls encountered in the application of free energy relationships are described, along with the use of these anomalies in mechanistic studies. The concept of effective charge is described in detail, with examples of its application. Throughout, worked answers are provided for the problems posed. Databases of parameters, an extensive bibliography and comprehensive lists of further reading are also included. The text provides an invaluable source of information to senior undergraduates, postgraduates and to industrial researchers with an interest in mechanistic studies. It is the first such book in more than thirty years. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths K.A. Gschneidner, Jean-Claude G. Bunzli, Vitalij K. Pecharsky, 2003-06-19 This volume of the Handbook illustrates the rich variety of topics covered by rare earth science. Three chapters are devoted to the description of solid state compounds: skutterudites (Chapter 211), rare earth -antimony systems (Chapter 212), and rare earth-manganese perovskites (Chapter 214). Two other reviews deal with solid state properties: one contribution includes information on existing thermodynamic data of lanthanide trihalides (Chapter 213) while the other one describes optical properties of rare earth compounds under pressure (Chapter 217). Finally, two chapters focus on solution chemistry. The state of the art in unraveling solution structure of lanthanide-containing coordination compounds by paramagnetic nuclear magnetic resonance is outlined in Chapter 215. The potential of time-resolved, laser-induced emission spectroscopy for the analysis of lanthanide and actinide solutions is presented and critically discussed in Chapter 216. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Osmosensing and Osmosignaling , 2007-10-01 For over fifty years the Methods in Enzymology series has been the critically acclaimed laboratory standard and one of the most respected publications in the field of biochemistry. The highly relevant material makes it an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life and related sciences. This volume features articles on the topic of osmosensing and osmosignaling written by experts in the field. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Molecular Theory of Solutions Arieh Ben-Naim, 2006-07-27 This book presents new and updated developments in the molecular theory of mixtures and solutions. It is based on the theory of Kirkwood and Buff which was published more than fifty years ago. This theory has been dormant for almost two decades. It has recently become a very powerful and general tool to analyze, study and understand any type of mixtures from the molecular, or the microscopic point of view. The traditional approach to mixture has been, for many years, based on the study of excess thermodynamic quantities. This provides a kind of global information on the system. The new approach provides information on the local properties of the same system. Thus, the new approach supplements and enriches our information on mixtures and solutions. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2023-2024 Kaplan Test Prep, 2022-07-05 Kaplan’s MCAT General Chemistry Review 2023–2024 offers an expert study plan, detailed subject review, and hundreds of online and in-book practice questions—all authored by the experts behind the MCAT prep course that has helped more people get into medical school than all other major courses combined. Prepping for the MCAT is a true challenge. Kaplan can be your partner along the way—offering guidance on where to focus your efforts and how to organize your review. This book has been updated to match the AAMC’s guidelines precisely—no more worrying about whether your MCAT review is comprehensive! The Most Practice More than 350 questions in the book and access to even more online—more practice than any other MCAT general chemistry book on the market. The Best Practice Comprehensive general chemistry subject review is written by top-rated, award-winning Kaplan instructors. Full-color, 3-D illustrations from Scientific American, charts, graphs and diagrams help turn even the most complex science into easy-to-visualize concepts. All material is vetted by editors with advanced science degrees and by a medical doctor. Online resources, including a full-length practice test, help you practice in the same computer-based format you’ll see on Test Day. Expert Guidance High-yield badges throughout the book identify the topics most frequently tested by the AAMC. We know the test: The Kaplan MCAT team has spent years studying every MCAT-related document available. Kaplan’s expert psychometricians ensure our practice questions and study materials are true to the test. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2020-2021 Kaplan Test Prep, 2019-07-02 Kaplan’s MCAT General Chemistry Review 2020-2021 is updated to reflect the latest, most accurate, and most testable materials on the MCAT. A new layout makes our book even more streamlined and intuitive for easier review. You’ll get efficient strategies, detailed subject review, and hundreds of practice questions—all authored by the experts behind the MCAT prep course that has helped more people get into medical school than all other major courses combined. Efficient Strategies and In-Depth Review High Yield badges indicate the most testable content based on AAMC materials Concept summaries that boil down the need-to-know information in each chapter, including any necessary equations to memorize Chapter Profiles indicate the degree to which each chapter is tested and the testmaker content categories to which it aligns Charts, graphs, diagrams, and full-color, 3-D illustrations from Scientific American help turn even the most complex science into easy-to-visualize concepts Realistic Practice One-year online access to instructional videos, practice questions, and quizzes Hundreds of practice questions show you how to apply concepts and equations 15 multiple-choice “Test Your Knowledge” questions at the end of each chapter Learning objectives and concept checks ensure you’re focusing on the most important information in each chapter Expert Guidance Sidebars illustrate connections between concepts and include references to more information, real-world tie ins, mnemonics, and MCAT-specific tips Comprehensive subject review written by top-rated, award-winning Kaplan instructors who guide you on where to focus your efforts and how to organize your review. All material is vetted by editors with advanced science degrees and by a medical doctor. We know the test: The Kaplan MCAT team has spent years studying every MCAT-related document available, and our experts ensure our practice questions and study materials are true to the test |
| define solvation in chemistry: Organic and Bio-molecular Chemistry - Volume I Francesco Nicotra, 2009-04-14 Organic And Bio-Molecular Chemistry is the component of Encyclopedia of Chemical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The Theme on Organic And Bio-Molecular Chemistry in the Encyclopedia of Chemical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources deal with the discipline that studies the molecules of life, which are made by carbon atoms, and includes also all the synthetic compounds the skeletons of which contain carbon atoms. The first chapter describes in general terms, for not expert readers, what Organic and Bio-molecular chemistry is, the nature and behavior of organic compounds in living organisms, the importance of organic compounds in the market and in our every day life. The subsequent chapters are organized in order to provide the reader with information on the structure, reactivity, analysis and different applications of Organic Compounds. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 29 Stephen J. Lippard, 2009-09-17 This comprehensive series of volumes on inorganic chemistry provides inorganic chemists with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Every volume reports recent progress with a significant, up-to-date selection of papers by internationally recognized researchers, complemented by detailed discussions and complete documentation. Each volume features a complete subject index and the series includes a cumulative index as well. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2024-2025 Kaplan Test Prep, 2023-07-04 Kaplan’s MCAT General Chemistry Review 2024-2025 offers an expert study plan, detailed subject review, and hundreds of online and in-book practice questions—all authored by the experts behind the MCAT prep course that has helped more people get into medical school than all other major courses combined. Prepping for the MCAT is a true challenge. Kaplan can be your partner along the way—offering guidance on where to focus your efforts and how to organize your review. This book has been updated to match the AAMC’s guidelines precisely—no more worrying about whether your MCAT review is comprehensive! The Most Practice More than 350 questions in the book and access to even more online—more practice than any other MCAT general chemistry book on the market. The Best Practice Comprehensive general chemistry subject review is written by top-rated, award-winning Kaplan instructors. Full-color, 3-D illustrations, charts, graphs and diagrams help turn even the most complex science into easy-to-visualize concepts. All material is vetted by editors with advanced science degrees and by a medical doctor. Online resources, including a full-length practice test, help you practice in the same computer-based format you’ll see on Test Day. Expert Guidance High-yield badges throughout the book identify the topics most frequently tested by the AAMC. We know the test: The Kaplan MCAT team has spent years studying every MCAT-related document available. Kaplan’s expert psychometricians ensure our practice questions and study materials are true to the test. |
| define solvation in chemistry: COSMO-RS Andreas Klamt, 2005-07-26 The COSMO-RS technique is a novel method for predicting the thermodynamic properties of pure and mixed fluids which are important in many areas, ranging from chemical engineering to drug design. COSMO-RS, From Quantum Chemistry to Fluid Phase Thermodynamics and Drug Design is about this novel technology, which has recently proven to be the most reliable and efficient tool for the prediction of vapour-liquid equilibria. In contrast to group contribution methods, which depend on an extremely large number of experimental data, COSMO-RS calculates the thermodynamic data from molecular surface polarity distributions, resulting from quantum chemical calculations of the individual compounds in the mixture. In this book, the author cleverly combines a vivid overview of the partly demanding theoretical steps with a deeper analysis of their scientific background and justification. Aimed at theoretical chemists, computational chemists, physical chemists, chemical engineers, thermodynamicists as well as students,academic and industrial experts, COSMO-RS, From Quantum Chemistry to Fluid Phase Thermodynamics and Drug Design provides a novel viewpoint to anyone looking to gain more insight into the theory and potential of the unique method, COSMO-RS. - The only book currently available on COSMO-RS technique - Provides a novel viewpoint for the scientific understanding and for the practical quantitative treatment of fluid phase thermodynamics - Includes illustrative examples of the COSMOtherm program |
| define solvation in chemistry: Physical Chemistry of Organic Solvent Systems A. Covington, 2012-12-06 We believe this to be the first monograph devoted to the physicochemical properties of solutions in organic solvent systems. Although there have 1 been a number of books on the subject of non-aqueous solvents - 4, they have been devoted, almost entirely, to inorganic solvents such as liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide, etc. A variety of new solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylsulphoxide and propylene carbonate have become commercially available over the last twenty years. Solutions in these solvents are of technological interest in connection with novel battery systems and chemical synthesis, while studies of ion solvation and transport properties have fostered academic interest. This monograph is primarily concerned with electrolytic solutions although discussion of non-electrolyte solutions has not been excluded. We have deliberately omitted consideration of the important area of solvent extraction, since this has been adequately covered elsewhere. Our contributors were asked to review and discuss their respective areas with particular reference to differences in technique necessitated by use of non-aqueous solvents while not reiterating facts well-known from experience with aqueous solutions. We have striven to build their contributions into a coherent and consistent whole. We thank our con tributors for following our suggestions so ably and for their forebearance in the face of our editorial impositions. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Essays in Structural Chemistry A. J. Downs, 2012-12-06 This book deals with selected aspects of structural chemistry, concentrating particularly on molecular and Raman spectroscopy. The authors of the various chapters were chosen from friends, colleagues and past students of Len Woodward. It is our hope that the book will prove useful both to honours students and to research workers. We would like to thank all our contributors for their willing cooperation in this endeavour. We are also grateful to all those who have given permission for the reproduction of copyright material from other publica tions; specific acknowledgments are made in each chapter. We are par ticularly indebted to the Principal and Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford, and the artist, H. A. Freeth, R.A., for permission to reproduce the portrait of Len Woodward which forms the frontispiece. Our thanks are also due to Mrs. J. Stevenson, who undertook a great deal of the secretarial work associated with the organization of this volume, and to Mr. P. Espe who photographed the portrait. The royalties from the sale of this book will, in the first instance, go to Jesus College, Oxford, and will be used for the establishment of a prize to be associated with Len Woodward's name. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2022-2023 Kaplan Test Prep, 2021-07-06 Kaplan's MCAT General Chemistry Review 2022-2023 offers an expert study plan, detailed subject review, and hundreds of online and in-book practice questions--all authored by the experts behind the MCAT prep course that has helped more people get into medical school than all other major courses combined. Prepping for the MCAT is a true challenge. Kaplan can be your partner along the way--offering guidance on where to focus your efforts and how to organize your review. This book has been updated to match the AAMC's guidelines precisely--no more worrying about whether your MCAT review is comprehensive The Most Practice More than 350 questions in the book and access to even more online--more practice than any other MCAT general chemistry book on the market. The Best Practice Comprehensive general chemistry subject review is written by top-rated, award-winning Kaplan instructors. Full-color, 3-D illustrations from Scientific American, charts, graphs and diagrams help turn even the most complex science into easy-to-visualize concepts. All material is vetted by editors with advanced science degrees and by a medical doctor. Online resources, including a full-length practice test, help you practice in the same computer-based format you'll see on Test Day. Expert Guidance High-yield badges throughout the book identify the top 100 topics most tested by the AAMC. We know the test: The Kaplan MCAT team has spent years studying every MCAT-related document available. Kaplan's expert psychometricians ensure our practice questions and study materials are true to the test. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Peptides Bernd Gutte, 1995-10-24 In recent years, research has shown the importance of peptides in neuroscience, immunology, and cell biology. Active research programs worldwide are now engaged in developing peptide-based drugs and vaccines using modification of natural peptides and proteins, design of artificial peptides and peptide mimetics, and screening of peptide and phage libraries. In this comprehensive book, the authors discuss peptide synthesis and application within the context of their increasing importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Peptides: Synthesis, Structures, and Applications explores the broad growth of information in modern peptide synthetic methods and the structure-activity relationships of synthetic polypeptides. - The history of peptide chemistry - Amide formation, deprotection, and disulfide formation in peptide synthesis - Solid-phase peptide synthesis - a-helix formation by peptides in water - Stability and dynamics of peptide conformation - An overview of structure-function studies of peptide hormones - Neuropeptides:peptide and nonpeptide analogs - Reversible inhibitors of serine proteinases - Design of polypeptides - Current capabilities and future possibilities of soluble chemical combinatorial libraries - Epitope mapping with peptides - Synthesis and applications of branched peptides in immunological methods and vaccines |
| define solvation in chemistry: Electrochemistry H R Thirsk, 2007-10-31 Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2025-2026 Kaplan Test Prep, 2024-08-13 Kaplan’s MCAT General Chemistry Review 2025-2026 offers an expert study plan, detailed subject review, and hundreds of online and in-book practice questions—all authored by the experts behind Kaplan's score-raising MCAT prep course. Prepping for the MCAT is a true challenge. Kaplan can be your partner along the way—offering guidance on where to focus your efforts and how to organize your review. This book has been updated to match the AAMC’s guidelines precisely—no more worrying about whether your MCAT review is comprehensive! The Most Practice More than 350 questions in the book and access to even more online—more practice than any other MCAT general chemistry book on the market. The Best Practice Comprehensive general chemistry subject review is written by top-rated, award-winning Kaplan instructors. Full-color, 3-D illustrations, charts, graphs and diagrams help turn even the most complex science into easy-to-visualize concepts. All material is vetted by editors with advanced science degrees and by a medical doctor. Online resources, including a full-length practice test, help you practice in the same computer-based format you’ll see on Test Day. Expert Guidance High-yield badges throughout the book identify the topics most frequently tested by the AAMC. We know the test: The Kaplan MCAT team has spent years studying every MCAT-related document available. Kaplan’s expert psychometricians ensure our practice questions and study materials are true to the test. |
| define solvation in chemistry: MCAT General Chemistry Review 2018-2019 Kaplan Test Prep, 2017-07-04 Kaplan's MCAT Complete 7-Book Set Subject Review has all the information and strategies you need to score higher on the MCAT. These books feature more practice than any other guide, plus targeted strategy review, opportunities for self-analysis, and thorough information on all of the critical thinking skills necessary for MCAT success -- from the creators of the #1 MCAT prep course. -- From publisher's description. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences Raymond Chang, 2005-02-11 This book is ideal for use in a one-semester introductory course in physical chemistry for students of life sciences. The author's aim is to emphasize the understanding of physical concepts rather than focus on precise mathematical development or on actual experimental details. Subsequently, only basic skills of differential and integral calculus are required for understanding the equations. The end-of-chapter problems have both physiochemical and biological applications. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry , 1967-01-01 Advances in Physical Organic Chemistry |
| define solvation in chemistry: Methods in Physical Chemistry Rolf Schäfer, Peter C. Schmidt, 2012-09-27 Thanks to the progress made in instruments and techniques, the methods in physical chemistry have developed rapidly over the past few decades, making them increasingly valuable for scientists of many disciplines. These two must-have volumes meet the needs of the scientific community for a thorough overview of all the important methods currently used. As such, this work bridges the gap between standard textbooks and review articles, covering a large number of methods, as well as the motivation behind their use. A uniform approach is adopted throughout both volumes, while the critical comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each method makes this a valuable reference for physical chemists and other scientists working with these techniques. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry Christian Reichardt, 2006-03-06 In most cases, every chemist must deal with solvent effects, whether voluntarily or otherwise. Since its publication, this has been the standard reference on all topics related to solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry. Christian Reichardt provides reliable information on the subject, allowing chemists to understand and effectively use these phenomena. 3rd updated and enlarged edition of a classic 35% more contents excellent, proven concept includes current developments, such as ionic liquids indispensable in research and industry From the reviews of the second edition: ...This is an immensely useful book, and the source that I would turn to first when seeking virtually any information about solvent effects. —Organometallics |
| define solvation in chemistry: Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature Richard G Jones, Edward S Wilks, W. Val Metanomski, Jaroslav Kahovec, Michael Hess, Robert Stepto, Tatsuki Kitayama, 2009-01-19 The IUPAC system of polymer nomenclature has aided the generation of unambiguous names that re ect the historical development of chemistry. However, the explosion in the circulation of information and the globalization of human activities mean that it is now necessary to have a common language for use in legal situations, patents, export-import regulations, and environmental health and safety information. Rather than recommending a ‘unique name’ for each structure, rules have been developed for assigning ‘preferred IUPAC names’, while continuing to allow alternatives in order to preserve the diversity and adaptability of nomenclature. Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature is the only publication to collect the most important work on this subject into a single volume. It serves as a handy compendium for scientists and removes the need for time consuming literature searches. One of a series issued by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), it covers the terminology used in many and varied aspects of polymer science as well as the nomenclature of several di erent types of polymer including regular and irregular single-strand organic polymers, copolymers and regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) organic polymers. |
| define solvation in chemistry: Drug-like Properties: Concepts, Structure Design and Methods Li Di, Edward H Kerns, 2010-07-26 Of the thousands of novel compounds that a drug discovery project team invents and that bind to the therapeutic target, typically only a fraction of these have sufficient ADME/Tox properties to become a drug product. Understanding ADME/Tox is critical for all drug researchers, owing to its increasing importance in advancing high quality candidates to clinical studies and the processes of drug discovery. If the properties are weak, the candidate will have a high risk of failure or be less desirable as a drug product. This book is a tool and resource for scientists engaged in, or preparing for, the selection and optimization process. The authors describe how properties affect in vivo pharmacological activity and impact in vitro assays. Individual drug-like properties are discussed from a practical point of view, such as solubility, permeability and metabolic stability, with regard to fundamental understanding, applications of property data in drug discovery and examples of structural modifications that have achieved improved property performance. The authors also review various methods for the screening (high throughput), diagnosis (medium throughput) and in-depth (low throughput) analysis of drug properties. - Serves as an essential working handbook aimed at scientists and students in medicinal chemistry - Provides practical, step-by-step guidance on property fundamentals, effects, structure-property relationships, and structure modification strategies - Discusses improvements in pharmacokinetics from a practical chemist's standpoint |
