Descriptive Investigations

Unlocking the Power of Descriptive Investigations: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction:

Have you ever felt the frustration of possessing a wealth of data but lacking the ability to translate it into actionable insights? Descriptive investigations, often overlooked in favor of more complex analytical methods, offer a powerful and often underestimated approach to understanding your data and extracting meaningful conclusions. This comprehensive guide will delve into the intricacies of descriptive investigations, equipping you with the knowledge and techniques to effectively utilize this crucial data analysis method. We'll cover everything from defining descriptive investigations to applying them across diverse fields, ensuring you can leverage this powerful tool to improve decision-making and problem-solving. Get ready to transform raw data into compelling narratives.

What are Descriptive Investigations?

Descriptive investigations are a cornerstone of data analysis focused on summarizing and describing the main features of a dataset. Unlike inferential statistics that aim to draw conclusions about a larger population, descriptive investigations concentrate on characterizing the data at hand. They provide a clear and concise picture of the data's central tendency, variability, and distribution. This involves using various statistical measures and visual representations to understand the "what" of your data before moving on to the "why." Think of it as the foundational layer upon which more complex analytical methods are built. Without a solid descriptive understanding, any subsequent analysis risks being misinformed and inaccurate.

Key Techniques in Descriptive Investigations:

1. Measures of Central Tendency: These metrics identify the typical or central value within your dataset. The most common are:

Mean: The average value (sum of all values divided by the number of values). Sensitive to outliers.
Median: The middle value when the data is ordered. Less sensitive to outliers than the mean.
Mode: The most frequently occurring value. Useful for categorical data.

Choosing the appropriate measure depends heavily on the data's distribution and the presence of outliers. A skewed dataset might benefit from the median over the mean for a more accurate representation of the typical value.

2. Measures of Dispersion: These metrics quantify the spread or variability of the data around the central tendency. Key measures include:

Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values. Simple but highly sensitive to outliers.
Variance: The average of the squared differences from the mean. Provides a measure of overall spread.
Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance. Expressed in the same units as the data, making it more interpretable than variance.
Interquartile Range (IQR): The difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles. Robust to outliers, making it suitable for skewed data.

Understanding dispersion is crucial for assessing data reliability and identifying potential anomalies. A high standard deviation indicates a wide spread, while a low standard deviation suggests data points cluster closely around the mean.

3. Data Visualization: Transforming raw data into visual representations is critical for effective communication and pattern identification. Common techniques include:

Histograms: Show the frequency distribution of a continuous variable. Illustrate the shape of the data distribution.
Bar Charts: Compare the frequencies or values of different categories. Ideal for categorical data.
Pie Charts: Show the proportion of each category in relation to the whole. Best used for a limited number of categories.
Scatter Plots: Display the relationship between two continuous variables. Useful for identifying correlations.
Box Plots: Show the distribution of data, including the median, quartiles, and outliers. Excellent for comparing distributions across different groups.

Effective visualization significantly enhances the understanding and interpretation of descriptive statistics. Choosing the right visualization method depends on the type of data and the message you want to convey.

Applications of Descriptive Investigations:

Descriptive investigations are applicable across a multitude of fields, including:

Business Analytics: Understanding customer demographics, sales trends, and market share.
Healthcare: Analyzing patient data to identify disease patterns, treatment effectiveness, and resource allocation.
Education: Evaluating student performance, identifying learning gaps, and assessing the effectiveness of teaching methods.
Environmental Science: Monitoring pollution levels, analyzing climate change data, and tracking biodiversity.
Social Sciences: Studying population trends, analyzing social attitudes, and measuring the effectiveness of social programs.

The versatility of descriptive investigations makes them an indispensable tool for understanding and interpreting data in almost any field.

Case Study: Analyzing Website Traffic

Let's imagine a website owner wants to understand their website traffic. They collect data on daily visits over a month. A descriptive investigation would involve calculating the mean, median, and mode of daily visits, along with the standard deviation to understand the variability. A histogram could visually represent the distribution of daily visits, showing whether traffic is consistently high or fluctuates significantly. This descriptive analysis provides a foundational understanding of website traffic before moving on to more advanced analyses like identifying traffic sources or user behavior.

Sample Descriptive Investigation Report Outline:

Title: Descriptive Analysis of Customer Purchase Behavior at Acme Corporation

I. Introduction:
Background on Acme Corporation and the purpose of the investigation.
Data sources and limitations.
Overview of the key descriptive statistics used.

II. Data Summary and Descriptive Statistics:
Summary table of key variables (e.g., purchase amount, frequency, customer demographics).
Calculation and interpretation of measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode).
Calculation and interpretation of measures of dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation, IQR).

III. Data Visualization:
Histograms showing the distribution of purchase amounts.
Bar charts comparing purchase frequency across different customer segments.
Scatter plots illustrating the relationship between purchase amount and customer age.

IV. Conclusion and Recommendations:
Summary of key findings from the descriptive analysis.
Insights derived from the data visualizations.
Recommendations for Acme Corporation based on the findings.

Detailed Explanation of the Outline Points:

I. Introduction: This section sets the stage for the report, outlining the context, objectives, and methodology. Clearly defining the data sources and acknowledging any limitations is crucial for transparency and credibility.

II. Data Summary and Descriptive Statistics: This core section presents the quantitative findings. A well-organized summary table makes the key variables readily accessible. The detailed calculations and interpretations of measures of central tendency and dispersion provide a robust numerical description of the data.

III. Data Visualization: This section translates the numerical data into visual representations. Each chart should be clearly labeled and its purpose explained. The visualizations should complement the numerical data, offering a clearer and more intuitive understanding of the patterns and relationships within the data.

IV. Conclusion and Recommendations: This section synthesizes the findings, offering actionable insights and recommendations based on the analysis. The conclusions should be directly supported by the data presented in the previous sections.

FAQs:

1. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the data at hand, while inferential statistics use the data to make inferences about a larger population.

2. What are some common software tools for conducting descriptive investigations? Excel, SPSS, R, and Python are commonly used.

3. How can I choose the appropriate descriptive statistics for my data? The choice depends on the type of data (categorical, continuous) and the distribution (normal, skewed).

4. How important is data visualization in descriptive investigations? Visualization is critical for effective communication and pattern identification.

5. Can descriptive investigations be used for causal inference? No, descriptive investigations only describe the data; they don't establish causal relationships.

6. What are some common pitfalls to avoid in descriptive investigations? Misinterpreting correlations as causation, ignoring outliers, and using inappropriate visualization techniques.

7. How can I ensure the accuracy and reliability of my descriptive investigations? Use appropriate statistical methods, validate your data, and clearly document your methodology.

8. What is the role of outliers in descriptive investigations? Outliers can skew the results, so it's important to identify and understand their potential impact.

9. How can I effectively communicate the findings of a descriptive investigation? Use clear and concise language, well-designed visualizations, and a logical structure.

1. The Importance of Data Cleaning in Descriptive Analysis: This article covers the crucial steps of data cleaning and its impact on the accuracy of descriptive statistics.

2. Understanding Data Distributions: A Guide for Beginners: This article explains different types of data distributions and how to interpret them.

3. Effective Data Visualization Techniques for Communicating Insights: This article delves into the best practices of data visualization for clear and impactful communication.

4. Choosing the Right Statistical Measures for Your Data: This article helps you select appropriate statistical measures based on your data type and research question.

5. Descriptive Statistics in Business Decision-Making: This article showcases the practical applications of descriptive statistics in business contexts.

6. Case Studies in Descriptive Analysis: Real-World Examples: This article presents real-world examples of descriptive investigations across different fields.

7. Descriptive Statistics and Hypothesis Testing: A Synergistic Approach: This article explores the relationship between descriptive and inferential statistics.

8. Overcoming Challenges in Descriptive Data Analysis: This article discusses common challenges and strategies for addressing them.

9. Advanced Techniques in Descriptive Data Analysis: This article explores more advanced techniques like clustering and dimensionality reduction.

descriptive investigations: Beyond Descriptive Translation Studies Anthony Pym, Miriam Shlesinger, Daniel Simeoni, 2008-03-13 To go “beyond” the work of a leading intellectual is rarely an unambiguous tribute. However, when Gideon Toury founded Descriptive Translation Studies as a research-based discipline, he laid down precisely that intellectual challenge: not just to describe translation, but to explain it through reference to wider relations. That call offers at once a common base, an open and multidirectional ambition, and many good reasons for unambiguous tribute. The authors brought together in this volume include key players in Translation Studies who have responded to Toury’s challenge in one way or another. Their diverse contributions address issues such as the sociology of translators, contemporary changes in intercultural relations, the fundamental problem of defining translations, the nature of explanation, and case studies including pseudotranslation in Renaissance Italy, Sherlock Holmes in Turkey, and the coffee-and-sugar economy in Brazil. All acknowledge Translation Studies as a research-based space for conceptual coherence and creativity; all seek to explain as well as describe. In this sense, we believe that Toury’s call has been answered beyond expectations.
descriptive investigations: What is Scientific Inquiry? Types, Variables and Controls in Scientific Investigation Explained | Grade 6-8 Life Science Baby Professor, 2024-04-15 Embark on a journey through the fascinating world of scientific inquiry with this enlightening resource, perfect for middle school educators. Explore the fundamental aspects of the scientific process, including the crucial distinction between observation and experimentation and the vital steps of gathering data and drawing conclusions. Learn about the nuances of descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, each dissected for their unique approaches and impacts on scientific understanding. This book is an invaluable tool for inspiring young minds to ask critical questions, engage in rigorous investigations, and appreciate the iterative nature of science. Equip your students with the skills to distinguish science from pseudoscience and understand various research methods' limitations and strengths.
descriptive investigations: Scientific Research Methodology Principles, Methods, and Techniques Dr. Sultan F. Kadasah , Dr. Fahd M. Abd Al Galil , Dr. Bharati Kolhe , Dr. Satish Madhukar Shinde , 2022-09-22
descriptive investigations: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version.
descriptive investigations: Understanding Research Methodology- An Overview Dr. Deepu R, Dr. Tisha Meriam Cherian, Dr. Vijayachandra Reddy.S, Jugal Kishore, 2024-07-12 Understanding Research Methodology: An Overview is an essential resource for anybody aspiring to become an expert in the art and science of research. This book provides a systematic approach to research methodology, including the basic concepts and steps needed to conduct reliable and valid investigations. The book is structured into digestible chapters that explain fundamental concepts before going on to more difficult topics, enabling readers to progressively understand the content. It covers a variety of research methodologies and looks at the advantages and disadvantages of each, including mixed-approaches, qualitative, and quantitative methods. Throughout, case studies and examples demonstrating the application of theoretical concepts in real-world research settings are interwoven with useful advice. The ethical concerns and best practices that are necessary to conduct research in an ethical way are also included in the book. Whether reading this book for professional development or academic credit, it equips readers with the knowledge and abilities needed to effectively organise, conduct, and evaluate research. For practitioners, academics, and students looking to make important contributions to their fields, it is an invaluable tool.
descriptive investigations: MOOC’s Dr. Kowshik M C, 2024-07-04 Understanding Teacher Educators' Attitudes Towards MOOCs: A Comprehensive Study offers an in-depth exploration of the perceptions and experiences of teacher educators with Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). This book is structured into five chapters, each addressing a crucial aspect of the research. The first chapter introduces MOOCs, outlining their history, development, and significance in modern education. It discusses the various types of MOOCs, their features, and their potential to transform educational access and delivery. The second chapter provides a thorough review of existing research on MOOCs and teacher educators. It synthesizes findings from various studies, identifying key themes such as benefits, challenges, and influencing factors on educators' attitudes. This chapter highlights the gaps in current research, setting the stage for the study's contributions.
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descriptive investigations: MASTERING RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- A PRACTICAL GUIDE Dr. K. GANGADHARA CHARY, 2024-05-17 Mastering Research Methodology: A Practical Guide assists professionals, scholars, and students in attaining a comprehensive understanding of the art and science of research. This all-encompassing manual provides explicitand exhaustive guidance on a wide range of research methodologies, encompassing qualitative and quantitative approaches. The book commences by providing readers with an introduction to fundamental concepts, including the significance of ethical considerations, hypothesis formulation, and research design principles. The subsequent section explores distinct research methodologies, such as mixed-methods, experimental, survey, case study, and ethnographic approaches. Every chapter of the book offers precise instructions on how to execute these methods, beginning with data collection and concluding with analysis, thereby guaranteeing that readers are capable of effectively applying these techniques to their own projects. The practical orientation of Mastering Research Methodology is one of its defining characteristics. Practical advice, real-world illustrations, and case studies serve to reconcile the divide between theoretical concepts and their real-world implementation. This practical methodology enables readers to comprehend the intricacies of scientific inquiry, arrive at well-informed methodological decisions, and confront prevalent obstacles. The book places significant emphasis on the essential significance of data integrity and research ethics, in addition to methodological instruction. This resource offers approaches to guaranteeing the integrity of data, preserving openness, and adhering to ethical principles during the entirety of the research endeavour.
descriptive investigations: International Handbook for Policy Research on School-Based Counseling John C. Carey, Belinda Harris, Sang Min Lee, Oyaziwo Aluede, 2017-10-04 This handbook examines policy research on school counseling across a wide range of countries and offers guidelines for developing counseling research and practice standards worldwide. It identifies the vital role of counseling in enhancing students’ educational performance and general wellbeing, and explores effective methods for conducting policy research, with practical examples. Chapters present the current state of school-based counseling and policy from various countries, focusing on national and regional needs, as well as opportunities for collaboration between advocates and policymakers. By addressing gaps in policy knowledge and counselor training, the Handbook discusses both the diversity of prominent issues and the universality of its major objectives. Topics featured in this handbook include: The use of scoping reviews to document and synthesize current practices in school-based counseling. Contemporary public policy on school-based counseling in Latin America. Policy, capacity building, and school-based counseling in Eastern/Southern Africa. Public policy, policy research, and school counseling in Middle Eastern countries. Policy and policy research on school-based counseling in the United Kingdom. Policy research on school-based counseling in the United States. The International Handbook for Policy Research in School-Based Counseling is a must-have resource for researchers, graduate students, clinicians, and related professionals and practitioners in child and school psychology, educational policy and politics, social work, psychotherapy, and counseling as well as related disciplines.
descriptive investigations: Methodology of Educational Research, 5th Edition Koul Lokesh, Disaster Management is an intended textbook for students pursuing a first and intermediate course on the subject in any undergraduate programme, especially engineering courses like civil, structural, geotechnical engineering and other specialized courses on the subject. The latest AICTE and the earlier UGC model curriculums have been extensively consulted to design the contents of the book. Knowledge of research methodology is essential for all who either play an active role in conducting research or desire to keep themselves updated in the field of knowledge. Keeping this in mind, this edition has been thoroughly revised. The book contains an up-to-date account of the methods and techniques suited to the field of education and other allied disciplines and thus provides an understanding of significant research problems that need to be tackled. The book elaborates the quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques; use of descriptive and inferential statistics; reporting of the results of research along with the characteristics and uses of historical, descriptive, ethnographic and experimental methods. Case studies form an important part of the text. It also provides priority areas of educational research in India in the context of National Education Policy (1986) and its Programme of Action (1992), UGC, DEC-IGNOU (2006), NCERT (2005), and UNESCO initiatives and policies as well as the Surveys of Research in Education (1997 and 2006).Designed and written mainly for the students of M.A. (Education, Psychology and Sociology), M.Ed. and M.Phil. (Education, Psychology and Sociology), the book will be of immense value to the Ph.D. students and other researchers of Social Sciences, Biological Sciences, Management, Legal Studies, Humanities and Languages.
descriptive investigations: Edu. Technology Nasrin, 2008
descriptive investigations: Fundamental Of Research Methodology Amitava Sil, Miss Richa Sachdeva, Dr. Priyanka Gandhi, 2024-07-24 The extensive manual Fundamentals of Research Methodology is intended to provide readers a complete grasp of the procedures and methods used in research. A broad variety of subjects that are crucial for carrying out scientific research are covered in this book, such as developing research questions, reviewing the literature, designing studies, gathering and analysing data, and more. Every chapter is designed to provide succinct explanations backed up with applicable examples and hands-on activities. The book is broken up into many parts. The first one covers the fundamentals of research technique and is followed by in-depth talks of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It also covers data management, ethical issues, and the significance of truthful reporting. In order to ensure that readers are adequately equipped to convey their findings, the last few chapters concentrate on the interpretation and presentation of study findings. This book offers a strong foundation and a thorough explanation of the essential components of research technique, making it ideal for both novice researchers and professionals wishing to hone their craft. Fundamentals of Research Methodology is an invaluable resource for anybody participating in the research process because of its approachable style and useful insights.
descriptive investigations: Evaluating and Conducting Research in Audiology Vinaya Manchaiah, Eldré Beukes, Ross J. Roeser, 2021-02-04 Evaluating and Conducting Research in Audiology is the first research methods textbook that is specific to the field of audiology and designed to serve as an academic textbook for audiology graduate students. This text can also be accessible for audiology practitioners who are interested in clinical and applied research. The comprehensive coverage includes materials for multiple courses within audiology degree programs, including research methods, analysis of professional literature, evidence-based practice, and capstone research projects. Classroom tested, and written by authors who have extensive backgrounds in publishing and editing, this text provides knowledge that is required in evaluating, conducting, and disseminating research. The book is separated into three sections: (a) research methods; (b) evidence-based practice; and (c) conducting and disseminating research. Together, these sections provide a detailed coverage of the research methods that are relevant to conducting research, particularly in the field of Audiology. Key Features: * Learning outcomes at the beginning of each chapter * End of chapter reviews including key points and study questions * Audiology-specific examples, research methods, and study designs * “Golden Nugget” boxes throughout the book containing valuable information related to the critical concepts * In-depth discussion of qualitative research methods, survey research methods, and systematic reviews to motivate students and early career researchers to consider these methodologies in their research
descriptive investigations: Methodology Adriaan D. De Groot, Spiekerman J. A. A., 2020-05-18 No detailed description available for Methodology.
descriptive investigations: Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence Janet Houser, 2013-10-29 Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence, Third Edition is an essential text for nursing research courses. This new edition features expanded coverage on the appraisal and use of evidence in the profession of Nursing. As in past editions the text will maintain its traditional focus on research while weaving in an emphasis on evidence-based practice. The text will keep its focus on how to conduct research rather than how to apply it. Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence, Third Edition will also focus on the dissemination of information and research best practices as conferences and other such resources become more available to students and professionals. The text is intended as an undergraduate resource for pre-licensure or for the RN-to-BSN students taking nursing research or evidence-based practice classes.
descriptive investigations: Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research Michael B. Paulsen, 2018-04-06 Published annually since 1985, the Handbook series provides a compendium of thorough and integrative literature reviews on a diverse array of topics of interest to the higher education scholarly and policy communities. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of research findings on a selected topic, critiques the research literature in terms of its conceptual and methodological rigor and sets forth an agenda for future research intended to advance knowledge on the chosen topic. The Handbook focuses on a comprehensive set of central areas of study in higher education that encompasses the salient dimensions of scholarly and policy inquiries undertaken in the international higher education community. Each annual volume contains chapters on such diverse topics as research on college students and faculty, organization and administration, curriculum and instruction, policy, diversity issues, economics and finance, history and philosophy, community colleges, advances in research methodology and more. The series is fortunate to have attracted annual contributions from distinguished scholars throughout the world.
descriptive investigations: Applications of Research Methodology Thomas E. Scruggs, Margo A. Mastropieri, 2006-04-26 Research in learning and behavioral disabilities, employing a variety of methods and techniques, has provided information relevant to practitioners. This volume discusses, applies and evaluates different methodological approaches to learning and behavioral disorder research; and serves as a reference to educators, researchers, and others.
descriptive investigations: Dictionary of Nursing Theory and Research Bethel Ann Powers, Thomas R. Knapp, 2010-12-10 Print+CourseSmart
descriptive investigations: Surviving and Thriving in Postgraduate Research Ray Cooksey, Gael McDonald, 2019-06-27 This handbook provides an in-depth exploration of the entire journey of postgraduate research in the social and behavioural sciences, from enrolment to its culmination in the form of a thesis, dissertation or portfolio, and beyond. It is written in an accessible and example-rich style, offering practical and concrete advice in virtually all areas. It also includes references to additional resources and websites, and each chapter features key recommendations for improving the postgraduate research experience. The book addresses not only research-related aspects (e.g. supervisors; selecting your guiding assumptions; contextualising, framing and configuring research; reviewing literature; sampling; writing proposals; ethics and academic integrity; selecting a data gathering strategy; surviving your thesis/dissertation/portfolio examination; and publishing), but also questions concerning how to integrate, manage, and balance the research journey in the context of the postgraduate student’s broader life-world (e.g. skill development and supervisor relations; effective time and project management; a healthy work–life balance; maintaining motivation; and dealing with criticism). The book adopts an explicitly pluralist perspective on postgraduate research, moving beyond mixed methods thinking, and offers concrete examples from postgraduate students’ real-world experiences.
descriptive investigations: Handbook of Research on Teaching Drew Gitomer, Courtney Bell, 2016-05-19 The Fifth Edition of the Handbook of Research on Teachingis an essential resource for students and scholars dedicated to the study of teaching and learning. This volume offers a vast array of topics ranging from the history of teaching to technological and literacy issues. In each authoritative chapter, the authors summarize the state of the field while providing conceptual overviews of critical topics related to research on teaching. Each of the volume's 23 chapters is a canonical piece that will serve as a reference tool for the field. The Handbook provides readers with an unaparalleled view of the current state of research on teaching across its multiple facets and related fields.
descriptive investigations: Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction Jonathan Lazar, Jinjuan Heidi Feng, Harry Hochheiser, 2017-04-28 Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction is a comprehensive guide to performing research and is essential reading for both quantitative and qualitative methods. Since the first edition was published in 2009, the book has been adopted for use at leading universities around the world, including Harvard University, Carnegie-Mellon University, the University of Washington, the University of Toronto, HiOA (Norway), KTH (Sweden), Tel Aviv University (Israel), and many others. Chapters cover a broad range of topics relevant to the collection and analysis of HCI data, going beyond experimental design and surveys, to cover ethnography, diaries, physiological measurements, case studies, crowdsourcing, and other essential elements in the well-informed HCI researcher's toolkit. Continual technological evolution has led to an explosion of new techniques and a need for this updated 2nd edition, to reflect the most recent research in the field and newer trends in research methodology. This Research Methods in HCI revision contains updates throughout, including more detail on statistical tests, coding qualitative data, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors. Other new material covers performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments. - Comprehensive and updated guide to the latest research methodologies and approaches, and now available in EPUB3 format (choose any of the ePub or Mobi formats after purchase of the eBook) - Expanded discussions of online datasets, crowdsourcing, statistical tests, coding qualitative data, laws and regulations relating to the use of human participants, and data collection via mobile devices and sensors - New material on performing research with children, older adults, and people with cognitive impairments, two new case studies from Google and Yahoo!, and techniques for expanding the influence of your research to reach non-researcher audiences, including software developers and policymakers
descriptive investigations: Methodological Issues in Management Research Rabi N. Subudhi, Sumita Mishra, 2019-11-11 Using contemporary examples of business and management research, predominantly within the context of India, this book offers numerous tools and techniques which can be applied to a diverse range of research needs. Topics discussed include: research designs, sampling, interviews, focus groups, case study research and mixed method research.
descriptive investigations: Exploring People and Cultures Mary Ellen Sweeney, Brooke Walker, 2021-09-03 Exploring People and Cultures: Authentic Ethnographic Research in the Classroom provides teachers with tools and activities for conducting a classroom study of ethnic groups and cultures. Through the more than 30 ready-to-use, differentiated lessons, teachers will help students learn how to recognize the elements of culture; think critically; apply real-world research techniques in field experiences; identify behavioral patterns in modern-day cultures; and create, plan, and share their products in a student-led ethnography fair. Grades 5-8
descriptive investigations: Information Series ERIC Clearinghouse on Vocational and Technical Education, 1966
descriptive investigations: Doing your Research Project in Sport Chris Lynch, 2010-05-20 The research project is a major component of most higher education sport courses. While undertaking a research project can be an exciting and rewarding experience, it can all too easily lead to stress and disappointment. Mistakes made early in the process – in the design of experiments, for example – can lead to frustration later on. This accessible book guides students through the process, from the initial stages of research (identifying problems and designing questions) right through to the presentation of their findings.
descriptive investigations: Research Methodology: A Step‐By‐Step Guide For Beginners Dr. Ravindra Kumar, Dr. S. Parvathy, Dr. Uma Rajmohan, Dr. Pushpa Sharma, 2023-05-18 Research, in its broadest sense, may be thought of as the process of systematically collecting and analyzing data to gain a deeper understanding of a topic. The research employs methodical approaches to address theoretical and applied concerns. Studiously inquiring or examining; investigating or experimenting to discover & interpret facts, revise the accepted theories or laws in light of the new facts, or put such new or revised theories or laws into practical application is how the Oxford English Dictionary defines research. Some individuals see research as a progression, one that moves from the familiar to the unfamiliar. Inquisitiveness is a fundamental human trait since it compels us to wonder and investigate to get a deeper and deeper grasp of the world around us. Curiosity is the seed from which all knowledge grows, and the process by which humans learn about the world is what we call study. The word research must be used in a specialized context since it refers to a scholarly endeavour. Therefore, research is the original addition to the body of knowledge that contributes to its development. Science is the methodical investigation of the world via the use of analogy, comparison, and experiment. Research, in a nutshell, is the pursuit of answers to questions via the use of a methodical, objective process. Research also includes the methodical process of drawing broad conclusions and developing a hypothesis.
descriptive investigations: Philosophy of Psychology: Causality and Psychological Subject Wenceslao J. Gonzalez, 2018-06-11 Contemporary philosophy of science analyzes psychology as a science with special features, because this discipline includes some specific philosophical problems – descriptive and normative, structural and dynamic. Some of these are particularly relevant both theoretically (casual explanation) and practically (the configuration of the psychological subject and its relations with psychiatry). Two central aspects in this book are the role of causality, especially conceived as intervention or manipulation, and the characterization of the psychological subject. This requires a clarification of scientific explanations in terms of causality in psychology, because characterizations of causality are quite different in epistemological and ontological terms. One of the most influential views is James Woodward’s approach to causality as intervention, which entails an analysis of its characteristics, new elements and limits. This means taking into account the structural and dynamic aspects included in causal cognition and psychological explanations. Psychology seen as special science also requires us to consider the scientific status of psychology and the psychological subject, which leads to limits of naturalism in psychology.
descriptive investigations: The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual Sonja A. Rasmussen, Richard A. Goodman, 2018-11-15 A NEW AND ESSENTIAL RESOURCE FOR THE PRACTICE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual is a definitive guide to investigating acute public health events on the ground and in real time. Assembled and written by experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as other leading public health agencies, it offers current and field-tested guidance for every stage of an outbreak investigation -- from identification to intervention and other core considerations along the way. Modeled after Michael Gregg's seminal book Field Epidemiology, this CDC manual ushers investigators through the core elements of field work, including many of the challenges inherent to outbreaks: working with multiple state and federal agencies or multinational organizations; legal considerations; and effective utilization of an incident-management approach. Additional coverage includes: · Updated guidance for new tools in field investigations, including the latest technologies for data collection and incorporating data from geographic information systems (GIS) · Tips for investigations in unique settings, including healthcare and community-congregate sites · Advice for responding to different types of outbreaks, including acute enteric disease; suspected biologic or toxic agents; and outbreaks of violence, suicide, and other forms of injury For the ever-changing public health landscape, The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual offers a new, authoritative resource for effective outbreak response to acute and emerging threats. *** Oxford University Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the CDC Foundation, an independent nonprofit and the sole entity created by Congress to mobilize philanthropic and private-sector resources to support the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's critical health protection work. To learn more about the CDC Foundation, visit www.cdcfoundation.org.
descriptive investigations: The Dark Side of Organizational Behavior Ricky W. Griffin, Anne O'Leary-Kelly, 2004-05-03 In one comprehensive collection, The Dark Side of Organizational Behavior provides a framework for understanding the most current thinking on the negative consequences of organizational behavior. Written by experts in the field, the contributors to The Dark Side of Organizational Behavior focus on the causes, processes, and consequences of behaviors in organizations that have a negative effect on the organization and the people in them.
descriptive investigations: Basics of Epidemiology - Concepts made simple Dr. Anil Mishra, 2018-03-12 Epidemiology, a vital tool of public health, plays a paramount role in guiding public health action and rationalizing its approaches. Surprisingly, this is not one of the most preferred disciplines for specialization, among the medical students, in developing countries where its applications are most needed. For building capacity, there is a need of reinforcing the basic concepts for better understanding of its applications, not only among medical and healthcare undergraduates, but also amongst public health managers working at different levels. The author, through the book ‘Basics of Epidemiology- Concepts made simple’, has attempted to present the basics in a simplistic manner, which will help students and public health managers to develop applications based conceptual clarity. As an essential companion, the book will be of immense value for them. The unique feature is its simple presentation, almost in a conversational tone, with plenty of relevant examples.
descriptive investigations: Educational Research - Reference Book Prin. Dr. Bhalchandra Bhave, 2019-06-01 Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research by John W. Creswell and Creswell J. Creswell is a comprehensive guide for educational researchers.
descriptive investigations: Doing SLA Research with Implications for the Classroom Robert M. DeKeyser, Goretti Prieto Botana, 2019-03-15 This book is unique in bringing together studies on instructed second language acquisition that focus on a common question: “What renders this research particularly relevant to classroom applications, and what are the advantages, challenges, and potential pitfalls of the methodology adopted?” The empirical studies feature experimental, quasi-experimental and observational research in settings ranging from the classroom to the laboratory and CALL contexts. All contributors were asked to discuss issues of cost, ethics, participant availability, experimental control, teacher collaboration, and student motivation, as well as the generalizability of findings to different kinds of educational contexts, languages, and structures. This volume should be of interest to graduate students in second language research, practicing teachers who want some guidance to navigate the sometimes overwhelming array of publications, and to researchers who are planning studies on instructed second language learning or teaching and are looking to make principled decisions on which of the existing methodologies to adopt.
descriptive investigations: Advances in Applied Sport Psychology ,
descriptive investigations: Research Techniques Habeeb Adewale Ajimotokan, 2022-09-19 This book provides a hands-on guide towards conducting state-of-the-art engineering research and gaining a patent. It lists pragmatic, step-by-step instructions that cover every stage in engineering research and patent gaining, from choosing a topic to the presentation of research outcomes or patent application. The topics include the introduction and basic concepts of engineering research; research problem and questions; use of libraries, literature search and review; developing a research plan; research data collection methods, analysis and interpretation; project report writing and presentations; and inventions and patents. This book is ideal for engineering undergraduate and postgraduate students and/or first-time or novice researchers and academics intending to launch their research studies and careers.
descriptive investigations: Teaching with Purpose Ann K. Fathman, David T. Crowther, 2006 Making a case for a research-based teaching rationale -- Elements of a research-based rationale -- Developing a research-based rationale -- Implementing your rationale and becoming a mentor
descriptive investigations: The Fundamentals Of Research Methodology Dr. Gyanendra Rawat, Dr. Deepika Sharma, Dr. Phatangare Prashant Ashok, Dr. Vikas Bairathi, 2024-02-02 Doing anything to gain new knowledge or verify previously held claims is research. By discovering, interpreting, and developing new techniques and apparatuses, the end goal of research is to enhance people's understanding of the natural world. Methodology in the research describes the many ways in which studies are carried out. This method is also known as gathering information for scientific studies. Methodology in research refers to the study of how studies are designed and executed. Perhaps the process and its results might be better understood with this data. As part of doing research, one must first identify an issue, formulate a plan, collect data, analyse it, and then write up their findings. Research may manifest in a wide variety of ways, from surveys and experiments to theoretical analyses and actual investigations. In conducting a study, critical considerations include the ethical standards observed and the authenticity and reliability of the research data. Assuming precise data analysis, one reaches a significant milestone in the research process. To assess the likelihood of specific attributes, survey and scale methods can be employed once appropriate research questions have been formulated. Research protocols, which may include conducting an experiment, are the following stage.
descriptive investigations: Advances in Corpus Linguistics , 2016-09-12 This book provides an up-to-date survey of current issues and approaches in corpus linguistics in the form of twenty-two recent research articles. The articles cover a wide range of topics illustrating the diversity of research that is characteristic of corpus linguistics today. Central themes are the relationship between theory, intuition and corpus data and the role of corpora in linguistic research. The majority of the articles are empirical studies of specific aspects of English, ranging from lexis and grammar to discourse and pragmatics. Other areas explored are language variation, language change and development, language learning, cross-linguistic comparisons of English and other languages, and the development of linguistic software tools. The contributors to the volume include some of the leading figures in the field such as M.A.K. Halliday, John Sinclair, Geoffrey Leech and Michael Hoey. The theoretical and methodological issues addressed in the volume demonstrate clearly the steady advance of an expanding discipline inspired by an empirical, usage-based approach to the study of language. The volume is essential reading for researchers and students interested in the use of computer corpora in linguistic research.
descriptive investigations: Kielhofner's Research in Occupational Therapy Renee Taylor, 2023-10-16 Renée Taylor and an international team of contributors carry on Gary Kielhofner’s innovative vision to demystify the research process and demonstrate that research is essential to occupational therapy practice. They present a comprehensive guide to conducting applied research in the field from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed perspectives for students and clinicians. You’ll begin with a grounding in conducting evidence-based practice in OT and an explanation of the six broad components of the research process. Then you will explore research designs, measurements, and statistical analysis for qualitative and quantitative studies. You’ll examine the steps and procedures required to conduct research and how research can be used to shape professional practice and improve patient care.
descriptive investigations: The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Ronet Bachman, Russell K. Schutt, 2011 Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... PASW Statistics Student Version 18--CD-ROM label.
descriptive investigations: Process Of Research Methodology Dr. Yuvaraj Dhandapani, Dr. Alaguraja Palanichamy, Dr. S.Kanchana, Ms. V.Vijayalakshmi, 2023-03-21 A quest for knowledge is referred to as a research in everyday language. A systematic and scientific search for relevant knowledge on a certain subject may also be referred to as research. In reality, scientific inquiry itself is an art form that involves research. Some individuals see research as a progression, one that goes from the familiar to the strange. This trip is a true exploration. Inquisitiveness is a fundamental human trait since it compels us to wonder and investigate in order to get a deeper and deeper grasp of the world around us. Curiosity is the seed from which all knowledge grows, and the process by which humans learn about the world is what we call research. Research is often defined as the use of scientific inquiry to address and resolve issues. The scientific technique of analysis is carried out in a methodical, systematic, and intensive manner. Knowledge may be acquired in a variety of ways. There are several valid modes of reasoning, including intuition, revelation, authority, logical manipulations of fundamental assumptions, educated guessing, observation, and comparison. Empirical research is a kind of research that emphasizes concrete outcomes. There are many tiers of instruction for the research process. This book is written for those who are unfamiliar with research and may have some kind of mental block about getting started.