Advertisement
Echocardiography Normal Ranges: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction:
Are you curious about the results of your recent echocardiogram? Understanding the normal ranges for this vital cardiac test can be crucial for interpreting your health. This comprehensive guide dives deep into echocardiography normal ranges, explaining various key measurements and what they signify. We’ll demystify the technical jargon, providing a clear and accessible explanation for both healthcare professionals and patients alike. We'll cover ejection fraction, heart valve function, chamber dimensions, and wall thickness, providing context and clarifying what constitutes a healthy result. By the end, you'll have a much better understanding of what your echocardiogram report means.
Understanding the Echocardiogram:
An echocardiogram, often called an "echo," is a non-invasive ultrasound test that produces images of your heart. It uses sound waves to visualize the heart's structure and function, providing valuable insights into its chambers, valves, and overall performance. This information is crucial for diagnosing a range of cardiac conditions, from valvular heart disease to congenital heart defects and heart failure. The images produced allow doctors to assess various aspects of heart health, leading to accurate diagnoses and effective treatment plans. The interpretation of these images relies heavily on understanding the normal ranges for various parameters.
Key Measurements and Their Normal Ranges:
The normal ranges presented below are approximate and can vary slightly depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and the specific echocardiography equipment used. Always consult your cardiologist for interpretation of your individual results.
1. Ejection Fraction (EF):
What it is: EF measures the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) with each contraction.
Normal Range: Generally, a normal EF is considered to be between 55% and 70%. Values below 55% may indicate heart failure or other cardiac issues, while values consistently above 75% might also require further investigation. However, individual variability exists, and your doctor will consider this within the context of your overall health.
2. Left Ventricular Internal Dimension (LVID):
What it is: This measurement refers to the size of the left ventricle during diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction).
Normal Range: The exact normal ranges for LVID vary with body surface area and age. Generally, an abnormally enlarged or small left ventricle can indicate underlying heart conditions. Your cardiologist will compare your measurements to established norms specific to your characteristics.
3. Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (LVWT):
What it is: This measures the thickness of the left ventricle's walls.
Normal Range: Increased LVWT can signify conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Again, the normal range is age and body-size dependent, requiring personalized interpretation by your physician.
4. Heart Valve Function:
What it is: Echocardiography assesses the opening and closing of the heart's four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary).
Normal Range: Normal valve function involves complete opening and tight closure, preventing blood backflow (regurgitation) or obstruction of blood flow (stenosis). The echo assesses for any murmurs, regurgitation, or stenosis, each requiring individual interpretation by your doctor.
5. Aortic Root Diameter:
What it is: This measurement reflects the size of the aorta at its origin from the left ventricle.
Normal Range: An abnormally enlarged aortic root (aortic aneurysm) can be a serious concern and requires prompt medical attention. Normal ranges are again age and sex-dependent.
Interpreting Your Results:
It is crucial to understand that the numerical values obtained from an echocardiogram should not be interpreted in isolation. Your cardiologist will consider these measurements in conjunction with your medical history, physical examination findings, and other diagnostic tests to arrive at a comprehensive assessment of your heart health. Any abnormalities should be discussed with your doctor to determine the appropriate course of action. They will explain the significance of any deviations from the normal ranges and advise on necessary treatment or further investigations.
Article Outline:
Title: Echocardiography Normal Ranges: A Comprehensive Guide
Introduction: Hooking the reader with a relatable scenario and outlining the article's purpose.
Chapter 1: Understanding the Echocardiogram: Explaining the procedure and its applications.
Chapter 2: Key Measurements and Their Normal Ranges: Detailed explanation of key measurements (EF, LVID, LVWT, Valve Function, Aortic Root Diameter) with normal ranges and their significance.
Chapter 3: Interpreting Your Results: Emphasizing the importance of professional interpretation and the need for a holistic approach.
Conclusion: Summarizing key takeaways and reiterating the importance of consulting a healthcare professional.
FAQs: Answering frequently asked questions about echocardiograms and normal ranges.
Related Articles: Suggesting further reading on related topics.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
1. What is the most important measurement in an echocardiogram? There is no single "most important" measurement. The cardiologist considers several parameters to assess overall heart function.
2. Can I get an echocardiogram without a doctor's referral? Generally, a doctor's referral is required for an echocardiogram.
3. How long does an echocardiogram take? The procedure typically takes 30-45 minutes.
4. Is an echocardiogram painful? No, the procedure is painless and non-invasive.
5. What should I expect before, during, and after an echocardiogram? You'll be asked to lie down, and a gel will be applied to your chest. There's no special preparation or recovery period.
6. What if my echocardiogram shows abnormalities? Your cardiologist will discuss the findings and recommend further investigations or treatment if necessary.
7. How often should I have an echocardiogram? The frequency of echocardiograms depends on your individual health status and medical history.
8. Are there any risks associated with an echocardiogram? The procedure is generally very safe, with minimal risks.
9. What is the difference between a transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram? A transthoracic echo is performed through the chest wall, while a transesophageal echo uses a probe inserted through the esophagus for better visualization.
Related Articles:
1. Understanding Heart Failure: A detailed explanation of heart failure, its causes, and treatment options.
2. Valvular Heart Disease: Types and Treatments: A comprehensive overview of various valvular heart diseases.
3. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management: Focuses on this specific heart condition.
4. Aortic Aneurysm: Causes, Detection, and Treatment: Discussing this potentially life-threatening condition.
5. Congenital Heart Defects in Adults: An in-depth look at adult congenital heart diseases.
6. Heart Murmurs: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment: Explains the significance of heart murmurs.
7. Stress Echocardiography: Procedure and Interpretations: Explains a specific type of echocardiogram.
8. Interpreting Your Cardiac Enzymes Test Results: Explains another common cardiac test and its interpretation.
9. How to Lower Your Risk of Heart Disease: Offers lifestyle advice for preventing heart disease.
| echocardiography normal range: 3D Echocardiography Takahiro Shiota, 2020-12-29 Since the publication of the second edition of this volume, 3D echocardiography has penetrated the clinical arena and become an indispensable tool for patient care. The previous edition, which was highly commended at the British Medical Book Awards, has been updated with recent publications and improved images. This third edition has added important new topics such as 3D Printing, Surgical and Transcatheter Management, Artificial Valves, and Infective Endocarditis. The book begins by describing the principles of 3D echocardiography, then proceeds to discuss its application to the imaging of • Left and Right Ventricle, Stress Echocardiography • Left Atrium, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Mitral Regurgitation with Surgical and Nonsurgical Procedures • Mitral Stenosis and Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty • Aortic Stenosis with TAVI / TAVR • Aortic and Tricuspid Regurgitation • Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Aorta • Speckle Tracking, Cardiac Masses, Atrial Fibrillation KEY FEATURES In-depth clinical experiences of the use of 3D/2D echo by world experts Latest findings to demonstrate clinical values of 3D over 2D echo One-click view of 263 innovative videos and 352 high-resolution 3D/2D color images in a supplemental eBook. |
| echocardiography normal range: Essential Echocardiography: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease E-Book Scott D. Solomon, Linda Gillam, Justina Wu, 2017-11-04 Echocardiography remains the most commonly used imaging technique to visualize the heart and great vessels, and this clinically oriented text by Drs. Scott D. Solomon, Justina C. Wu, and Linda D. Gillam helps you make the most of its diagnostic and prognostic potential for your patients. Part of the highly regarded Braunwald's family of cardiology references, Essential Echocardiography expertly covers basic principles of anatomy and physiology, the appearance of normal variants across a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, and the hands-on approaches necessary to acquire and interpret optimal echocardiographic images in the clinical setting. - Abundant illustrations provide a superb visual learning experience both in print and online. Images convey clear, classic examples that represent decades of experience over multiple institutions, as well as recent advances in the field. - More than 485 accompanying video clips mirror the images in the text, with easy-to-follow links from the figure citation to the video online. - Each section includes one or two clinical cases that illustrate key concepts. - Written by expert echocardiographers and sonographers who emphasize practical applications throughout the text, and superbly illustrated by physician-artist Dr. Bernard Bulwer. - Ideal for anyone currently using or learning to use echocardiography, including cardiologists, cardiology fellows, sonographers, anesthesiologists, critical care physicians, emergency physicians, radiologists, residents, and medical students. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. |
| echocardiography normal range: Three-dimensional Echocardiography Navin Chandar Nanda, Roberto M. Lang, 2007 |
| echocardiography normal range: The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography Catherine M. Otto, 2007 Dr. Otto's best-selling text not only explains how to qualitatively and quantitatively interpret echocardiographic images and Doppler flow data, but also outlines how this information affects your clinical decision making. This edition features new chapters on tissue doppler, intracardiac echocardiography, hand-held echocardiography, and echocardiography in inherited connective tissue disorders. A companion DVD offers case-based multiple-choice questions to help you assess your understanding. Whether you are attempting to choose a course of therapy, ascertain the optimal timing for intervention, arrive at a prognosis, or determine the possible need for periodic diagnostic evaluation, this is an essential resource you'll consult time and time again. Delivers clear and concise coverage of the basics of image acquisition that explains the how and why of echocardiography. Reflects the latest technology and standards of practice. Provides a clinically based approach to echocardiography, with an in-depth discussion of the main cardiac events seen in practice, including adult congenital heart disease. Devotes extensive detail to training, education, and quality assurance-making it the most comprehensive text on echocardiography. Includes a practical outline called The Echo Exam at the end of each chapter that presents necessary calculations, diagnoses, and examples along with guidance on how to interpret outcomes. Includes a bonus DVD containing 3 cases and 5 multiple-choice questions for each chapter that test your knowledge of the material. Perfect resource for Residents preparing for the boards. Offers an expanded section on echocardiography techniques that explains the latest applications for all types of practices. Discusses new echocardiography modalities, including contrast and 3-D echocardiography, so you can utilize the most promising new approaches for your patients. Includes new chapters on tissue doppler, intracardiac echocardiography, hand-held echocardiography, and echocardiography in inherited connective tissue disorders. Uses new, full-color line drawings and new color Doppler images to help you easily visualize cardiac problems. |
| echocardiography normal range: The Ultimate Echo Guide Carlos A. Roldan, 2005 This multi-authored concise guide provides rapid access to the most common cardiac diseases where echo plays an important role in diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and follow-up. Designed for practical, daily use, succinct chapters are in outline format and grouped according to disease. Each chapter follows a common organization and includes definition; etiology; incidence and prevalence; class I indications for echo based on AHA/ACC guidelines; best tomographic planes; key diagnostic features, including pitfalls; diagnostic formulas; diagnostic accuracy; parameters to stratify severity of disease; parameters indicating need for invasive intervention; and parameters of prognostic value. The Ultimate Echo Guide is also available electronically for PDAs. See Media listing for details. |
| echocardiography normal range: Doppler Echocardiography in Infancy and Childhood Michael Hofbeck, Karl-Heinz Deeg, Thomas Rupprecht, 2017-09-19 This book covers the full range of Doppler echocardiography in infants and children, documenting the wide variety of potential findings with the aid of a wealth of high‐quality images. The imaging features of more than 20 conditions on conventional two‐dimensional echocardiography, pulsed wave, continuous wave and color Doppler imaging are described and depicted, drawing attention to differential diagnostic criteria and other issues of importance in everyday clinical practice. Each condition is individually addressed, covering all relevant aspects, and helpful information is also provided on the normal examination. The book is supplemented by more than 500 videos demonstrating typical findings of two-dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography. Special chapters focus on the differential diagnosis of cyanotic infants and echocardiography specifically for the neonatologist. The authors' aim in compiling this book is to equip the reader with the knowledge required in order to employ Doppler echocardiography optimally and to interpret findings confidently and correctly. Doppler Echocardiography in Infancy and Childhood will be an invaluable reference for echocardiographers, pediatricians, neonatologists, and pediatric and general radiologists. |
| echocardiography normal range: Echocardiography Review Guide E-Book Catherine M. Otto, Rosario V. Freeman, Rebecca Gibbons Schwaegler, Jason Linefsky, 2019-02-15 In one compact resource, Echocardiography Review Guide, 4th Edition, provides both a concise review and an effective self-assessment for exam preparation. Easy-to-digest, bulleted text summarizes key concepts and gives precise step-by-step instructions for performing and interpreting echocardiographic studies. Study and self-assessment questions throughout help you increase your knowledge and identify areas for further study. This study guide is an ideal companion to Dr. Otto's Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography and is a must-have resource for anyone preparing for the echocardiography boards, the PTEeXAM, the diagnostic cardiac sonographer's exam, or other sonography exams. - Includes updated images, content, and 30% NEW multiple-choice questions to address changes in the field and in the revised companion text, Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography. - Contains concise, step-by-step instructions and questions on all aspects of echo use and interpretation, including how to record echos, avoid pitfalls, perform calculations, and understand the fundamentals for every type of cardiac problem. - Teaches and tests in one convenient volume! Questions and answers are fed into an assessment and testing module on the website for convenient learning and review. - Helps you prepare for exams with The Echo Exam section included in each chapter, which features a summary of how to perform the procedure along with all the necessary calculations, and diagnostic information you may encounter. - Offers additional images and examples to help readers understand the concepts presented in the Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography. - A quick reference guide and learning tool to keep in your pocket for integrating your clinical experience with didactic learning. |
| echocardiography normal range: Essential Cardiology Clive Rosendorff, 2007-11-05 A panel of leading researchers and clinician-scientists distill from years of practical experience and recent scientific and clinical advances the essence of cardiology principles and techniques today. In this second edition, all of the original chapters have been extensively rewritten and two new chapters on acute coronary syndromes following the modern classification have been added: one on unstable angina pectoris and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and the other on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Compact yet comprehensive, Essential Cardiology: Principles and Practice, Second Edition offers today's busy cardiology and internal medicine practitioners, cardiology fellows, and medical residents rapid access to the latest ideas and techniques needed for today's gold standard diagnosis and management of cardiac patients. |
| echocardiography normal range: Feigenbaum's Echocardiography William F. Armstrong, Thomas Ryan, 2012-02-03 The thoroughly revised Seventh Edition of Feigenbaum's Echocardiography reflects recent changes in the technology and clinical use of echocardiography. Highlights include over 1,600 illustrations, 600 in full color; detailed discussions on the use of three-dimensional echocardiography and perfusion imaging; and new information on the mechanics and utility of Strain and Strain rate imaging. Many new images complement the state-of-the-art information on technological advances. Current AHA/ACC guidelines are included for each chapter. An accompanying DVD contains tutorials on echo interpretation with voiceover and animations. |
| echocardiography normal range: Clinical Manual and Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography, 3/e Joseph Mathew, Madhav Swaminathan, Chakib Ayoub, 2019-01-09 The acclaimed full-color clinical manual and review of TEE --- completely updated to reflect the field’s latest breakthroughs and developments Doody's Core Titles for 2021! Clinical Manual and Review of Transesophageal Echocardiography, Third Edition is written to be the field’s go-to resource and the standard reference textbook on the topic. It offers concise yet comprehensive coverage of the key principles, concepts, and developing practice of transesophageal echocardiography. Completely updated, reorganized, and expanded, this Third Edition features a sectional format, each containing chapters that were reviewed and revised to provide a comprehensive discussion of physiology, pathophysiology, and echocardiographic approach for normal and common disease states. Where possible, important clinical information has been aligned with the principles of cardiovascular physiology and echocardiographic techniques. Narrative text, charts, videos, and graphs have been effectively integrated to provide rapid access to key clinical information for the purpose of improving clinical management. Features: Addresses all the important clinical and technical issues and major exam topics Valuable appendices detailing normal chamber dimensions and volumes; wall motion and coronary perfusion; diastolic function; native valve areas, velocities, and gradients; and measurements and calculations Contributions from leading anesthesiologists, cardiologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons A complete practice exam and chapter-ending multiple choice questions make this the perfect review for board examinations in both basic and advanced perioperative echocardiography |
| echocardiography normal range: Echocardiography in Heart Failure and Cardiac Electrophysiology Umashankar Lakshmanadoss, 2016-10-19 The world of echocardiography continues to be full of exciting new technological developments with an ultimate goal of better patient care. In this book, titled Echocardiography in Heart Failure and Cardiac Electrophysiology, authors from various parts of the world contributed to the advancement of the field. We have included various chapters about the use of echocardiography and modalities of imaging in various common clinical scenarios - ranging from evaluation of commonly ignored right ventricle, imaging in congestive heart failure, to echocardiographic evaluation of critically ill patients. We have also included topics describing the use of echocardiography in cardiac electrophysiology with special interest to cardiac resynchronization therapy and atrial fibrillation ablation. These topics would be of great interest to the clinicians whether they are trainees, physicians, advanced care providers, or anyone involved in the patient care. |
| echocardiography normal range: Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography E-Book Catherine M. Otto, 2016-11-12 Today's echocardiography continues to be a low-cost, minimal-risk procedure with the potential to yield a vast amount of detailed, precise anatomic and physiologic information. Dr. Catherine Otto's Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography, 6th Edition, clearly outlines how to master the core principles of echocardiographic imaging in order to make an initial diagnosis and integrate this data in clinical decision making for patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. Ideal for cardiology fellows, medicine residents, and cardiac sonography students, this bestselling text teaches all the essential elements of ultrasound physics, tomographic and 3D anatomy, image acquisition, advanced imaging modalities, and application in specific disease categories– all with a practical, problem-based approach. - Concentrates on the foundational concepts you need to know to perform and interpret echocardiographic studies and to pass your board exams. - Covers all advanced echo techniques, including contrast echo, 3D echo, and myocardial mechanics, as well as intraoperative and intra-procedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). - Discusses what alternative diagnostic approaches to initiate when echocardiography does not provide a definitive answer. - Includes new Echo Math boxes in each chapter for quick review and greater comprehension. - Provides new ASE recommendations for chamber quantitation, including updated tables of normal measurements. - Matches full-color anatomic drawings of heart structures with the 2D and 3D echocardiographic views. - Pairs state-of-the-art echo images with more than 360 videos that illustrate the full range of cardiac disease diagnosed with this powerful imaging approach. - Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you click on each figure to see the corresponding video, as well as search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. |
| echocardiography normal range: Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases C.A. Nienaber, R. Fattori, 1999-03-31 Describes recent surgical techniques developed to improve prognosis in aortic diseases, and discusses recent interventional strategies such as endovascular stent-graft placement and non-surgical reconstruction of the aorta. Chapters deal with aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and dissections, inherited disorders of the aorta, aortic trauma, aortitis, and etiology and pathology of aortic malformations. Each chapter is organized in a similar fashion, with information on demographic aspects, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
| echocardiography normal range: Essential Echocardiography Timothy M. Maus, Christopher R. Tainter, 2022-01-24 Building on the success of the previous edition, this review book includes all of the original content plus several new chapters dedicated to the education and implementation of transthoracic echocardiography and point-of-care ultrasonography. Chapters feature board review-style questions and answers to assist readers with board exam preparation. This book also includes the most up-to-date echocardiography content and practice guidelines. This book fills an educational gap in the perioperative and critical care echocardiography landscape. It addresses essential perioperative and critical care echocardiography topics in an accessible manner for those who provide acute care and resuscitation in any environment, including the operating room, intensive care unit, and the emergency department. Essential Echocardiography, 2nd edition, is expertly written for the practitioner with limited knowledge of echocardiography preparing for either the Examination of Special Competence in Basic Perioperative TEE (Basic PTEeXAM) or the Examination of Special Competence in Critical Care Echocardiography (CCEeXAM). |
| echocardiography normal range: ASE's Comprehensive Echocardiography E-Book American Society of Echocardiography, 2021-02-18 Edited by a team of leading echocardiography experts and endorsed by the American Society of Echocardiography, ASE'S Comprehensive Echocardiography, 3rd Edition, covers the full spectrum of sonography of the heart in one succinct, authoritative resource. This highly regarded text provides must-know information on everything from basic foundations and principles to clinical application, written and edited by ASE members with expertise in each specific area. Case studies, numerous tables, high-quality images and videos highlight the latest uses of echocardiography, including the most recent 2D and 3D advances. - Discusses all the latest methods to assess cardiac chamber size and function, valvular stenosis/regurgitation, cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, complications of myocardial infarction, and other cardiac pathologies. - Covers recent advances in critical care echocardiography, cardio-oncology, structural heart disease, interventional/intraoperative echocardiography, strain imaging of left and right heart chambers, multimodality imaging in systemic diseases, and novel 3D techniques. - Contains more than 1,200 updated images: echocardiograms (including 2D, 3D, and Doppler), diagrams, anatomic drawings, algorithmic drawings, and more. - Provides access to nearly 600 full-motion echocardiography video clips. - Keeps you up to date with the latest echocardiography practice guidelines and advanced technologies. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. |
| echocardiography normal range: Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography Catherine M. Otto, MD, 2013-04-25 Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography, 5th Edition enables you to use echocardiography to its fullest potential in your initial diagnosis, decision making, and clinical management of patients with a wide range of heart diseases. World-renowned cardiologist Dr. Catherine M. Otto helps you master what you need to know to obtain the detailed anatomic and physiologic information that can be gained from the full range of echo techniques, from basic to advanced. Get straightforward explanations of ultrasound physics, image acquisition, and major techniques and disease categories - all with a practical, problem-based approach. Make the most of this versatile, low-cost, low-risk procedure with expert guidance from one of the foremost teachers and writers in the field of echocardiography. Know what alternative diagnostic approaches to initiate when echocardiography does not provide a definitive answer. Access the entire text online at www.expertconsult.com, as well as echo video recordings that correspond to the still images throughout the book. Acquire a solid foundation in the essentials of advanced echocardiography techniques such as contrast echo, 3D echo, myocardial mechanics, and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Fully understand the use of echocardiography and its outcomes with key points that identify the must-know elements in every chapter, and state-of-the-art echo images complemented by full-color comparative drawings of heart structures. Familiarize yourself with new ASE recommendations for echocardiographic assessment of the right heart and 3D echocardiography, including updated tables of normal measurements. |
| echocardiography normal range: Atlas of Human Body Ultrasound Scanning Mei Zhang, 2018-11-02 This atlas describes the diagnosis practice and cases of human body ultrasound. It includes anatomic section, standard scan ultrasonogram of every organ, scanning methods and key points, measurement methods, normal value ranges, and clinical significances of every sections. Providing basic information and fundamental principles of ultrasonic diagnosis, it discusses ultrasound scanning of 14 organs in individual chapters. Each section sonography is accompanied by the scanning method, section structure, measuring method and clinical application. The uniform structure and detailed instructions make this atlas an easy-to-use resource for residents to refer to when they encounter specific ultrasound diagnostic problems. |
| echocardiography normal range: The Echo Manual Jae K. Oh, James B. Seward, A. Jamil Tajik, 2006 Thoroughly updated for its Third Edition, this best-selling manual is a practical guide to the performance, interpretation, and clinical applications of echocardiography. The Echo Manual is written by recognized authorities at the Mayo Clinic and provides a concise, user-friendly summary of techniques, diagnostic criteria, and quantitative methods for both echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography. Discussion of each clinical problem also includes transesophageal echocardiography. This edition covers the latest techniques, standards, and applications and includes new contrast agents. All references have been updated. More than 900 images—well annotated and true to gray scale and color—give readers an immediate grasp of salient points. |
| echocardiography normal range: Diastology E-Book Allan L. Klein, Mario J. Garcia, 2020-10-24 Accounting for more than 40% of all heart failure problems, diastolic heart failure is a complex and often difficult diagnosis with rapidly evolving diagnostic management protocols. Diastology: Clinical Approach to Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, 2nd Edition, brings you up to date and equips you to successfully diagnose and manage even the most challenging incidences of diastolic heart failure and their comorbidities. It incorporates the latest guidelines for the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with suspected or known diastolic dysfunction, provides a comprehensive review of clinical conditions associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and describes the complementary role of imaging modalities and novel therapeutic approaches. - Keeps you current with recent extensive changes in the understanding of the mechanisms of diastolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that have resulted in dramatic changes in treatment guidelines. - Covers the latest molecular, genetic, and cellular mechanisms behind diastolic heart failure as a basis for the latest clinical approaches, diagnosis, and treatment of common and uncommon pathological conditions such as hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathies, arterial and valvular diseases, pericardial diseases, congenital heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. - Features 50 video cases, new key summary points, new multiple-choice review questions, and six new chapters: Evaluation of Diastolic Function by Radionuclide Techniques; Diastology Stress Test; ASE/EACVI Diastolic Guidelines; Valve Disease; Perioperative Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction; and Pulmonary Hypertension. - Reviews new techniques and indices for assessing diastolic function, such as 3D echo, strain rate imaging, late gadolinium enhancement and T1-mapping by CMR, and novel nuclear scintigraphic methods – as well as the traditional indices of LV filling, LA function, and tissue Doppler indices. - Covers emerging topics such as the role of neurohormones, global and regional systolic function of the left ventricle, chronotopic incompetence and pacing, aging, perioperative assessment, and more. - Presents information in a quick-retrieval format, covering Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Evaluation, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Directions. - Helps you learn efficiently and prepare for self-assessment with key summaries and multiple-choice questions and answers for each chapter. |
| echocardiography normal range: A Practical Guide to Fetal Echocardiography Alfred Z. Abuhamad, Rabih Chaoui, 2012-03-28 This simple and easy-to-use guide to fetal echocardiography will help physicians and sonographers obtain a complete evaluation of the normal and abnormal fetal heart. The book is written in a user-friendly style and thoroughly illustrated with ultrasound images accompanied by schematic drawings. This edition presents a comprehensive approach to the examination of the fetal heart and covers all major cardiac malformations. Chapters include color Doppler in fetal echocardiography, three-dimensional ultrasound in fetal echocardiography, first and early second trimester imaging of the fetal heart, and an updated genetics section. This book, written by internationally recognized experts in fetal echocardiography, is a must-have for physicians and sonographers interested in this field. |
| echocardiography normal range: Emergency Echocardiography Adrian Chenzbraun, 2009-02-25 Echocardiography is still relatively underused in the management of critically ill and hemodynamically unstable patients. There is a definite trend for favoring echocardiography over invasive assessment in intensive care units, however, clear guidelines are lacking. The author's experience over the last few years reinforced the importance of a book covering this topic. The basis for the creation this book was the fruit of teaching sessions and ward rounds during which the interest and receptiveness for this topic were obvious. |
| echocardiography normal range: Basic to Advanced Clinical Echocardiography. A Self-Assessment Tool for the Cardiac Sonographer Bonita Anderson, Margaret Park, 2020-03-25 A unique resource, this book is designed to determine not only your level of expertise and applicability of knowledge but also serve as an up-to-date clinical resource in the practice of cardiac sonography. This powerful, long-needed resource presents the essentials of clinical echocardiography in a precise Q&A format fashioned after Clinical Echocardiography Review A Self-Assessment Tool edited by Allan L. Klein and Craig R. Asher. Whether you are just beginning your training, are already preparing for your examination, or simply want to review and increase your knowledge depth, this easy-to-use resource will help you develop the knowledge and skills you need for success. This is the tablet version which does not include access to the videos mentioned in the text. |
| echocardiography normal range: Practical Echocardiography Catherine A. Walsh, Peter Wilde, 1999 Practical Echocardiography is a highly illustrated guide to the principles and practice of echocardiography written by cardiologists, radiologists and radiographers for all healthcare professionals needing to learn the techniques and interpretative skills involved in the scanning of the heart. It includes discussion of the main applications of echocardiography in the diagnosis of acquired heart disease, but also has specialist chapters on less common techniques, such as transoesophageal echo and the use of echocardiography in the investigation of congenital heart disease. The combination of emphasis on technique as well as diagnosis makes this book especially valuable to trainee clinicians, be they cardiologists, cardiac surgeons or radiologists, as well as the radiographer who (especially in the UK) will often be the person to perform the investigation. |
| echocardiography normal range: Echocardiography Bonita Anderson, 2002-11-11 The primary objective of this text is to provide an educational guide for the cardiac sonographer, that incorporates all aspects of the echocardiographic examination from the routine examination to the more complex haemodynamic calculations. |
| echocardiography normal range: Clinical Echocardiography Review Allan L. Klein, Craig R. Asher, 2011 The book focuses on the time tested way of the Socratic method to teach the key concepts to busy clinical cardiologists, fellows, anesthesiologists and sonographers using a multiple choice question & answer format. The book will emphasize diagnostic interpretation rather than clinical management. This book is comprehensive with chapters ranging from fundamentals to new technologies. The format of each chapter is standardized with 3 types of questions. At the beginning, there are simple Type I questions followed by an answer. Then, Type II questions involving a question associated with a still frame graphic (M-Mode, 2-D or a 3-D) come next and are followed by an answer. Finally, Type III questions are presented involving case studies associated with several questions based on movies and still frames-- |
| echocardiography normal range: Pocket Guide to Echocardiography Andro G. Kacharava, Alexander T. Gedevanishvili, Guram G. Imnadze, Dimitri M. Tsverava, Craig M. Brodsky, 2012-10-22 With its easy accessibility, low cost, and ability to deliver, essential bedside information about the cardiac structure and function, echocardiography has become one of the most relied-upon diagnostic tools in clinical medicine. As a result, more clinicians than ever before must be able to accurately interpret echocardiographic information in order to administer appropriate treatment. Based on the authors’ experience teaching echocardiography in busy clinical settings, this new pocketbook provides reliable guidance on everyday clinical cardiac ultrasound and the interpretation of echocardiographic images. It has been designed to help readers develop a stepwise approach to the interpretation of a standard transthoracic echocardiographic study and teach how to methodically gather and assemble the most important information from each of the standard echocardiographic views in order to generate a complete final report of the study performed. What’s included: • A summary of TTE examination protocol and a comprehensive listing of useful formulas and normal values • Atrial and ventricular dimensions, LV and RV systolic function, LV diastolic patterns • Echocardiographic findings in the most commonly encountered cardiac diseases and disorders, including various cardiomyopathies, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, valvular heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis, and congenital heart disease • Companion website with video clips and over 70 self-assessment questions Packed with essential information and designed for quick look-up, this pocketbook will be of great assistance for anyone who works in busy clinical settings and who needs a ready and reliable guide to interpreting echocardiographic information to help deliver optimal patient care. |
| echocardiography normal range: Practice of Clinical Echocardiography E-Book Catherine M. Otto, 2021-05-22 Ideally suited for those clinicians who have already mastered basic principles, The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, 6th Edition, provides expert guidance on interpreting echocardiographic images and Doppler flow data. Through practical, clear, and carefully edited content, world-renowned expert Dr. Catherine M. Otto and her team of more than 65 leaders in echocardiography demonstrate how to apply advanced knowledge to daily clinical decision making. Newly reorganized sections cover advanced principles for the echocardiographer, best practices for echocardiography laboratories, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, intraoperative and interventional echocardiography, and point-of-care cardiac ultrasound. - Provides an in-depth, clear, and concise review of the latest clinical applications of echocardiography with an advanced level of discussion, now thoroughly updated with new clinical knowledge, new treatments and guidelines, the latest evidence, and innovations in advanced echocardiographic imaging. - Reviews the technical aspects of data acquisition and analysis with an emphasis on outcomes. - Covers key topics such as transcatheter interventions for valvular heart disease, prosthetic valve dysfunction, the athletic heart, cardiac assist devices, cardio-oncology, heart disease in pregnancy, advanced 3D echocardiography, strain imaging, stress echocardiography, and much more. - Includes updated illustrations throughout—nearly 1,000 echocardiograms, Doppler tracings, anatomic drawings, and flow charts for diagnostic approaches—as well as hundreds of echo video clips keyed to images in the text. - Discusses limitations, pitfalls, and alternate approaches. - Features chapter summary boxes with new Quick Reviews and a practical approach to echocardiographic data acquisition, measurement, and interpretation. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access bonus images plus all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. |
| echocardiography normal range: ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography Steven A Goldstein, Itzhak Kronzon, Bijoy K Khandheria, Victor Mor-Avi, 2015-01-08 Written and endorsed by world experts from the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE), this unique multimedia resource uses text, case studies, and online components to cover the latest uses of echocardiography, including the most recent 2D and 3D advances. Unlike other existing textbooks in echocardiography, including the predecessor of this volume, entitled Dynamic Echocardiography, this 2nd edition, with its new title, covers a full range of topics, reflected in its 200 chapters that include essential material in a succinct format. Dr. Roberto M. Lang and his expert colleagues provide everything you need to assess cardiac anatomy and function and obtain clinically useful, noninvasive information for more accurate diagnosis and evaluation of heart disease. Tap into the knowledge and skills of a team of experts from the ASE, led by world-renowned authorities in echocardiography. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader. Get fully up to date with the latest echo practice guidelines and advanced technologies, including 3D echocardiography and myocardial strain. Gain a better understanding of the latest methods to assess cardiac chamber size and function, valvular stenosis/regurgitation, cardiomyopathies, coronary artery disease, complications of myocardial infarction, and much more – all in a practical, well-illustrated brief yet comprehensive format extensively supported by multimedia material. Stay up to date with hot topics in this rapidly evolving field: interventional/intraoperative echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and more. |
| echocardiography normal range: Stress Echocardiography Eugenio Picano, 2015-10-06 This sixth edition is enriched by over 300 figures, 150 tables and a video-companion collecting more than 100 cases also presented in the format of short movies and teaching cartoons. This extensively revised and enlarged edition of this long-seller documents the very significant advances made since the fifth (2009) edition and is entirely written by Eugenio Picano, a pioneer in the field sharing his lifetime experience with the help of an international panel of 50 contributors from 22 countries representing some of the best available knowledge and expertise in their respective field. In a societal and economic climate of increasing pressure for appropriate, justified and optimized imaging, stress echocardiography offers the great advantages of being radiation-free, relatively low cost, and with a staggering versatility: we can get more (information) with less (cost and risk). For a long time, the scope and application of stress echo remained focused on coronary artery disease. In the last ten years, it has exploded in its breadth and variety of applications. From a black-and-white, one-fits-all approach (wall motion by 2D-echo in the patient with known or suspected coronary artery disease) now we have moved on to a omnivorous, next-generation laboratory employing a variety of technologies (from M-Mode to 2D and pulsed, continuous, color and tissue Doppler, to lung ultrasound and real time 3D echo, 2D speckle tracking and myocardial contrast echo) on patients covering the entire spectrum of severity (from elite athletes to patients with end-stage heart failure) and ages (from children with congenital heart disease to the elderly with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis). |
| echocardiography normal range: Veterinary Echocardiography June A. Boon, 2011-01-25 Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book offers detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology, including better transducers, tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all levels of experience. The Second Edition has been restructured to be more user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. Key changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining echocardiograms in veterinary medicine. |
| echocardiography normal range: ICU Protocols Rajesh Chawla, Subhash Todi, 2019-12-31 The second edition of this highly successful book includes up-to-date notes on the step-wise management of clinical emergencies encountered in everyday intensive care units (ICU). Each thoroughly revised chapter provides concise information for point-of-care treatment, making it a practical guide clinicians can refer to on a daily basis at work or while traveling, or just to expand their knowledge. Volume 1 of ICU Protocols covers topics in pulmonology, cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology, nephrology and infectious diseases. The endocrine and metobolic systems, oncology, trauma, toxicology, envenomation and thermodysregulation, obstetrics, and perioperative care are covered in the second volume of ICU Protocols. This two-volume book is a must-read for intensivists, critical care specialists, junior trainees and residents working in ICUs. It is also relevant as course material for workshops on critical care, and essential for all hospital-based libraries. “This book provides junior trainees with an introduction to the management of problems common to the critical care unit.” David J Dries, Doody’s Book Reviews, March, 2013, for the first edition of ICU Protocols. |
| echocardiography normal range: Textbook of Echocardiography V Amuthan, Satish K Parashar, 2022-02-27 An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. This common test allows a doctor to see the heart beating and pumping blood, and subsequently identify heart disease. This book is a complete guide to performing and interpreting an echocardiogram. 56 chapters describe both basic and advanced techniques for diagnosing different heart disorders. The second edition has been fully revised to provide clinicians with the latest developments and techniques in the field. Seven new chapters have been added to this edition covering echocardiography and artificial intelligence, hypertension, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, Kawasaki disease, cardio-oncology, diabetes mellitus, and foetal echo. Dedicated chapters emphasise the role of echo in surgical procedures, and explore its use with electrophysiology – in patients with pacemakers and those undergoing cardiac resynchronisation therapy. The book is highly illustrated with many 2D and 3D echo images helping explain the descriptive text for each topic. The previous edition (9789352700929) published in 2017. |
| echocardiography normal range: Echocardiography Petros Nihoyannopoulos, Joseph Kisslo, 2018-11-26 This updated textbook provides an essential evidence-based approach to echocardiography and includes practical case-based instruction illustrating a wide variety of clinical scenarios in which echocardiography is a vital diagnostic option for physicians. It reflects how echocardiography has evolved into a complex multimodality method for evaluating and quantifying cardiovascular lesions, and explains the use of hemodynamic assessment of the heart using echocardiography, transesophageal and three-dimensional echocardiography, deformation imaging and assessment of myocardial perfusion, which have added a new dimension to real-time noninvasive evaluation of patients. Echocardiography highlights the clinical utility of these evolving modalities that are now crucial to the renaissance of echocardiography, and it provides a thorough clinical review of this most revealing and adaptable methods of imaging a patient. The Editors and their world-class group of contributors have created an essential reference for those in training or who already use echocardiography in their practice. |
| echocardiography normal range: Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Luigi P. Badano, Roberto M. Lang, Denisa Muraru, 2019-08-14 This thoroughly revised textbook provides a practically applicable guide to three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE). Background is provided on the evolution of the technology and physics that support the implementation of both transthoracic and transesophageal approaches to 3DE. The incremental value of 3DE to assess cardiac chambers is also described. Moreover, a range of cardiac valvular diseases including the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valve have been portrayed and illustrated in depth.These include congenital abnormalities, regurgitation and stenosis. Emphasis is also placed on technical aspects of the technique and where it can provide added value, including post-surgery assessments and evaluation of cardiac masses. Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography enables readers to develop a deep understanding of how to use this imaging modality. It provides a valuable resource for the echocardiography trainee looking to develop their knowledge and for the experienced practitioner seeking a comprehensive up-to-date reference. |
| echocardiography normal range: Echocardiography in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Benjamin W. Eidem, Frank Cetta, Patrick W. O'Leary, 2012-03-28 Written by expert pediatric cardiologists at the Mayo Clinic and other leading institutions, this book provides a comprehensive review of echocardiographic evaluation and diagnosis of congenital heart disease in pediatric and adult patients. Coverage includes advanced techniques such as tissue Doppler, three-dimensional echocardiography, intracardiac and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Chapters provide complete information on the full range of abnormalities and on evaluation of valve prostheses and the transplanted heart. More than 1,300 illustrations, including over 900 in full color, complement the text. Purchase includes online access to AVI clips developed at the Mayo Clinic of the congenital-specific lesions illustrated in the book. |
| echocardiography normal range: Advanced Approaches in Echocardiography Linda Gillam, Catherine M. Otto, 2011-12-19 Advanced Approaches in Echocardiography- a volume in the exciting new Practical Echocardiography Series edited by Dr. Catherine M. Otto - provides practical, how-to guidance on advanced and challenging echocardiographic techniques such as 3D echo, contrast echo, strain echo, and intracardiac echo. Definitive, expert instruction from Drs. Linda D. Gillam and Catherine M. Otto is presented in a highly visual, case-based approach that facilitates understanding and equips you to master these difficult and cutting-edge modalities. Access the full text online at www.expertconsult.com along with cases, procedural videos and abundant, detailed figures and tables that show you how to proceed, step by step, and get the best results. Master new and advanced echocardiography techniques such as 3D echocardiography, contrast echocardiography, strain echocardiography, and intracardiac echocardiography through a practical, step-by-step format that provides a practical approach to image acquisition and analysis, technical details, pitfalls, and case examples. Tap into the knowledge and experience of two noted authorities in the field: Dr. Linda D. Gillam, former president of the American Society of Echocardiography, and world-renowned echocardiography expert and author Dr. Catherine M. Otto. Reference the information you need quickly thanks to easy-to-follow, templated chapters, with an abundance of figures and tables that facilitate visual learning. Access the complete text and illustrations online at www.expertconsult.com plus video clips, additional cases, and much more! |
| echocardiography normal range: Echo Made Easy Atul Luthra, 2012-08-31 This third edition provides an overview of the techniques, principles and clinical practice of echocardiography. Beginning with the basic principles of ultrasound and Doppler, and the clinical applications of various echo-modalities including 2-D echo, M-mode scan, Doppler echo and colour flow mapping, the text also includes an account of different echo-windows and normal echo-views along with normal values and dimensions. The following chapters discuss in detail various forms of heart disease including congenital, valvular, coronary, hypertensive and myocardial, with due emphasis given to potential pitfalls in diagnosis, differentiation between seemingly similar findings, causation and clinical relevance. This new edition features 240 colour images and illustrations, as well as a CD demonstrating various techniques for performing an Echo. Key Features New edition providing overview of techniques, principles and clinical practice of echocardiography Detailed discussion of various types of heart disease 240 colour images and illustrations Includes CD demonstrating techniques for performing Echo Previous edition published in 2008 |
| echocardiography normal range: Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound Thomas G. Nyland, John S. Mattoon, 2002-01-01 Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound outlines the basic physical principles of ultrasound, as well as imaging artifacts and the use of ultrasonography, in a logical body-systems approach. This second edition is completely revised and up-to-date, detailing current developments in ultrasonography. Two completely new chapters on thoracic and musculoskeletal ultrasound, as well as revised coverage of cardiology, CT/MR, and the reproductive system make this edition even more useful and clinically relevant. Full-color illustrations and color Doppler images of abdominal organs enhance and clarify discussions in the text. |
| echocardiography normal range: The Echocardiography Companion Tarak Rambhatla, Gila Perk, 2021-03-09 This is a comprehensive yet easy to read study guide for those preparing for the echocardiography board examinations, which brings all of the critical resources together into one convenient and portable resource. Echocardiography is an integral part of routine cardiology practice and this book represents a quick, yet thorough, reference that can be easily consulted to help practicing clinicians deliver high quality care to their patients. The Echocardiography Companion: Study Guide and Review includes a comprehensive educationally-focused review of the technique, its clinical uses, applications, and utilization in all cardiac conditions. The practical and quick reference format allows it to serve as a reference book and as a helpful companion to students, on which notes can be taken while studying from other resources such as board review videos. |
| echocardiography normal range: The EACVI Textbook of Echocardiography Patrizio Lancellotti, José Luis Zamorano, Gilbert Habib, Luigi Badano, 2017 Now with new imaging tools and more illustrative cases, this extensively updated second edition of the successful EAE Textbook of Echocardiography is a valuable resource to support not only those with an interest in echocardiography but also those seeking the information needed for accreditation and training through the EACVI. |
