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Federal Antidiscrimination Law in Education: Title VI, IX, and Beyond
Introduction:
Navigating the complex landscape of education often involves understanding the legal protections afforded to students and staff. This post delves into the crucial area of federal antidiscrimination law in education, focusing on key Titles and providing a comprehensive overview for educators, parents, and students alike. We’ll explore the core tenets of Title VI and Title IX, examining their impact on educational institutions and the recourse available for victims of discrimination. We will also briefly touch upon other relevant federal laws, highlighting the breadth and depth of protections in place. Understanding these laws is not just legally vital; it’s crucial for fostering inclusive and equitable learning environments.
I. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibition of Race, Color, and National Origin Discrimination
Title VI prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. This encompasses a wide range of educational institutions, from pre-schools to universities, as long as they receive any federal funding – even a small grant. This means schools cannot deny admission, exclude students from participation, or otherwise treat students differently based on their race, color, or national origin. This includes discriminatory practices in:
Admissions: Schools cannot establish quotas or use discriminatory admission criteria.
Curriculum and Instruction: The curriculum must be equally accessible and relevant to all students, regardless of their background.
Discipline: Disciplinary actions must be applied fairly and consistently, without regard to race, color, or national origin. Differential treatment based on these factors can constitute a violation.
Student Support Services: All students must have equal access to counseling, tutoring, and other support services.
Enforcement of Title VI primarily relies on the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) within the Department of Education. Complaints can be filed with the OCR, which will investigate allegations of discrimination and can impose remedies such as corrective actions, monetary penalties, and termination of federal funding.
II. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972: Prohibition of Sex Discrimination
Title IX is arguably the most well-known federal antidiscrimination law in education. It prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. The scope of Title IX extends far beyond simply gender; it encompasses sexual harassment, sexual assault, and other forms of sex-based discrimination. Key areas covered by Title IX include:
Sexual Harassment: This includes quid pro quo harassment (where a benefit or punishment is contingent on sexual favors) and hostile environment harassment (where unwelcome sexual conduct creates a hostile or abusive environment).
Sexual Violence: Title IX covers sexual assault, rape, and other forms of sexual violence occurring on campus or in connection with school activities.
Equal Access to Educational Programs and Activities: Schools must provide equal access to all programs and activities, including athletics, extracurriculars, and courses. This includes equal funding, facilities, and opportunities.
Pregnancy and Parental Status: Title IX protects pregnant and parenting students, ensuring they have access to reasonable accommodations and do not face discrimination.
The OCR also enforces Title IX. Schools are required to have procedures in place to address complaints of sex discrimination and to ensure a fair and impartial investigation.
III. Other Relevant Federal Antidiscrimination Laws
While Title VI and Title IX are the most prominent, other federal laws play a significant role in protecting students and staff from discrimination in education. These include:
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973: This prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. It mandates reasonable accommodations to ensure equal access to education for students with disabilities.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): While primarily focused on employment and public accommodations, the ADA also has implications for education, particularly in ensuring accessibility for students and employees with disabilities.
Age Discrimination Act of 1975: This prohibits discrimination based on age in programs and activities receiving federal funding.
IV. Remedies and Enforcement
When discrimination occurs, students and staff have several avenues for redress. These include:
Filing a complaint with the OCR: This is the primary avenue for enforcing Title VI and Title IX.
Filing a lawsuit: Individuals can file lawsuits against schools alleging discrimination under federal law.
Internal grievance procedures: Many schools have internal grievance procedures for addressing complaints of discrimination.
It's crucial to understand that the process can be complex, and legal counsel is often advisable.
V. Conclusion:
Federal antidiscrimination laws in education are fundamental to ensuring equal opportunities for all students and staff. Understanding these laws, their scope, and enforcement mechanisms is essential for creating truly inclusive and equitable learning environments. By proactively addressing discrimination and ensuring compliance, educational institutions can foster a culture of respect and opportunity for everyone.
Book Outline: "Navigating Federal Antidiscrimination Laws in Education"
Introduction: The importance of understanding federal antidiscrimination laws in education.
Chapter 1: Title VI and the Prohibition of Race, Color, and National Origin Discrimination: Detailed explanation of Title VI, including enforcement mechanisms and case studies.
Chapter 2: Title IX and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination: In-depth analysis of Title IX, covering sexual harassment, sexual violence, and equal access.
Chapter 3: Other Relevant Federal Laws: Examination of Section 504, the ADA, and the Age Discrimination Act, and their impact on education.
Chapter 4: Enforcement and Remedies: Exploring available remedies for victims of discrimination and the enforcement process.
Chapter 5: Creating Inclusive Educational Environments: Practical strategies for schools to prevent and address discrimination.
Conclusion: Recap of key takeaways and future considerations.
(Note: The following sections would expand on each chapter of the book outline. Due to length constraints, I will provide a brief overview for each chapter instead of fully writing each chapter.)
Chapter 1: Title VI and the Prohibition of Race, Color, and National Origin Discrimination This chapter would delve into the specifics of Title VI, providing real-world examples of discrimination, discussing the definition of "program or activity receiving federal financial assistance," and examining the OCR's investigative process and potential remedies.
Chapter 2: Title IX and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination This chapter would thoroughly explain the various forms of sex discrimination covered by Title IX, discuss the responsibilities of schools in preventing and addressing sexual harassment and violence, and provide examples of Title IX compliance measures.
Chapter 3: Other Relevant Federal Laws This chapter would offer a detailed explanation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the ADA, and the Age Discrimination Act, including their specific requirements for educational institutions.
Chapter 4: Enforcement and Remedies This chapter would discuss the process of filing complaints with the OCR, the potential legal remedies available to victims of discrimination, and the importance of seeking legal counsel.
Chapter 5: Creating Inclusive Educational Environments This chapter would provide practical advice for schools on fostering inclusive environments, including training staff, developing effective policies, and creating a culture of respect and reporting.
FAQs:
1. What constitutes "federal financial assistance" under Title VI and Title IX? Any federal funding, regardless of amount, subjects an institution to these laws.
2. Can a private school be sued under Title IX if it receives no federal funding? No, Title IX applies only to institutions receiving federal funding.
3. What is the difference between quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment under Title IX? Quid pro quo involves explicit exchange of sexual favors for benefits; hostile environment is created by pervasive unwelcome sexual conduct.
4. What are reasonable accommodations under Section 504? Accommodations vary depending on the disability, but aim to ensure equal access to education.
5. How do I file a complaint with the OCR? Information on filing complaints is available on the OCR website.
6. What are the potential penalties for violating Title IX? Penalties can include loss of federal funding, corrective action, and legal repercussions.
7. Are retaliation claims protected under Title IX? Yes, retaliation against individuals who report discrimination is prohibited.
8. What is the role of the school's Title IX Coordinator? To oversee the school's compliance with Title IX and manage complaints.
9. Can parents sue a school on behalf of their child for discrimination? Yes, parents can pursue legal action on behalf of their children.
Related Articles:
1. Title IX and Sexual Assault on College Campuses: Explores the prevalence of sexual assault and the role of Title IX in addressing it.
2. Section 504 and the Education of Students with Disabilities: Details the rights of students with disabilities under Section 504.
3. The Americans with Disabilities Act and Accessibility in Schools: Focuses on ADA requirements for physical accessibility in schools.
4. Title VI and Racial Disparities in School Discipline: Examines the impact of race on school discipline practices.
5. Title IX and Gender Equity in Athletics: Discusses the application of Title IX to athletics.
6. Understanding the OCR Complaint Process: Provides a step-by-step guide on filing a complaint.
7. Legal Remedies for Victims of Discrimination in Education: Explores the legal options available to victims.
8. Creating a Safe and Inclusive School Climate: Offers practical strategies for schools to promote inclusivity.
9. Best Practices for Title IX Compliance: Outlines best practices for schools to ensure compliance with Title IX.
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs Or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance (Us Department of Education Regulation) (Ed) (2018 Edition) The Law The Law Library, 2018-07-22 Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance (US Department of Education Regulation) (ED) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance (US Department of Education Regulation) (ED) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Secretary amends the regulations implementing Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX), which prohibits sex discrimination in federally assisted education programs and activities. These amendments clarify and modify Title IX regulatory requirements pertaining to the provision of single-sex schools, classes, 1 and extracurricular activities in elementary and secondary schools. The amendments expand flexibility for recipients to provide single-sex education, and they explain how single-sex education may be provided consistent with the requirements of Title IX. This book contains: - The complete text of the Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Sex in Education Programs or Activities Receiving Federal Financial Assistance (US Department of Education Regulation) (ED) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Ethics and Law for School Psychologists Susan Jacob, Dawn M. Decker, Elizabeth Timmerman Lugg, 2016-07-12 Ethics and Law for School Psychologists is the single best source of authoritative information on the ethical and legal issues school psychologists face every day. Designed specifically to meet the unique needs of psychologists in school settings, this book includes the most up-to-date standards and requirements while providing an introduction to ethical codes, ethical decision making, and the legal underpinnings that protect the rights of students and their parents. This new seventh edition has been extensively updated with the latest research and changes to the law, with an increased focus on ethical-legal considerations associated with the use of digital technologies. Coverage includes new case law on privacy rights, electronic record keeping, the 2014 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, digital assessment platforms, the latest interpretations of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and more. Ethics texts for counseling and psychology are plentiful, and often excellent—but this book is the only reference that speaks directly to the concerns and issues specific to psychologists in school settings. Case vignettes, end-of-chapter questions, and discussion topics facilitate deeper insight and learning, while updated instructor's resources bring this key reference right into the classroom. Keeping up with the latest research and legal issues is a familiar part of a psychologist's duties, but a practice centered on children in an educational setting makes it both critical and more complex. Ethics and Law for School Psychologists provides a central resource for staying up to date and delivering ethically and legally sound services within a school setting. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Law & Education Inequality Susan C. Bon, Jeffrey C. Sun, 2015-07-01 Over the past decade, No Child Left Behind, Common Core, Race to the Top, data mining initiatives, Title IX gender equity, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, and executive actions on immigration illustrate key federal initiatives that have redefined standards, priorities, and practices within educational institutions. Similarly, state policies in terms of school funding, school choice, teacher qualifications, student bullying, and other measures have added another layer of complexity to the education law and policy dialogue particularly when addressing matters of education inequality. These emergent policies beget the question: how have these policies contributed to easing the effects of educational inequality? The purpose of this book is to examine the role of law as potentially countering or impeding desirable education reforms, and it calls on readers to consider how policymakers, lawyers, social scientists, and educators might best alter the course in an effort to advance a more just and less unequal educational system. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act American Dental Association, 2017-05-24 Section 1557 is the nondiscrimination provision of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). This brief guide explains Section 1557 in more detail and what your practice needs to do to meet the requirements of this federal law. Includes sample notices of nondiscrimination, as well as taglines translated for the top 15 languages by state. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Encyclopedia of Education Law Charles J. Russo, 2008-06-27 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2009 A welcome addition to any public or academic library, this set would also be of use in a law library where educational law might need to be explored and reviewed at a more basic level than other legal texts. —Sara Rofofsky Marcus, Queensborough Community Coll., Bayside, NY Smaller educational legal summaries exist, and a couple of texts deal with Supreme Court cases about education, but this set provides a unique combination of general educational legal issues and case-specific information. It should be a welcome addition to academic and large public libraries. Also available as an ebook. — Booklist The Encyclopedia of Education Law is a compendium of information drawn from the various dimensions of education law that tells its story from a variety of perspectives. The entries cover a number of essential topics, including the following: Key cases in education law, including both case summaries and topical overviews Constitutional issues Key concepts, theories, and legal principles Key statutes Treaties (e.g., the Universal Declaration on Human Rights) Curricular issues Educational equity Governance Rights of students and teachers Technology Biographies Organizations In addition to these broad categories, anchor essays by leading experts in education law provide more detailed examination of selected topics. The Encyclopedia also includes selections from key legal documents such as the Constitution and federal statutes that serve as the primary sources for research on education law. At the same time, since education law is a component in a much larger legal system, the Encyclopedia includes entries on the historical development of the law that impact on its subject matter. Such a broadened perspective places education law in its proper context in the U.S. legal system. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Resources in Education , 1980 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Title IX Grievance Procedures , 1987 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Education Law Michael Imber, Tyll van Geel, 2010-04-02 Education Law provides a comprehensive survey of the legal problems and issues that confront school administrators and policymakers. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Getting in the Game Deborah L. Brake, 2012-08-20 Title IX, a landmark federal statute enacted in 1972 to prohibit sex discrimination in education, has worked its way into American culture as few other laws have. The subject of web blogs and T-shirt slogans, it is credited with opening the doors to the massive numbers of girls and women now participating in competitive sports, yet few people fully understand the extent to which it has succeeded in challenging the gender norms that have circumscribed women's place in society more generally. In this legal analysis of Title IX, the author, a law professor assesses the statute's successes and failures. She provides an understanding and appreciation of what Title IX has accomplished, while taking a critical look at the places where it has fallen short. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Programs for Educational Equity Shirley D. McCune, Martha Matthews, 1975 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Publication Catalog of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Media and Publication Management Information Staff, |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Publication Catalog of the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare United States. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Publication Catalog of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1977 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: American Education , 1976 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Women's Educational Equity Act United States. Office of Education, 1979 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications , 1977 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Bullying Peter K. Smith, James O'Higgins Norman, 2021-08-10 Explore the latest research and theory on bullying with this international reference from leading voices in the field The two-volume Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Bullying delivers a comprehensive exploration of a wide range of research on bullying, broadly defined. School bullying is dealt with at length, but there is also coverage of college and workplace bullying and bullying within sports settings, prisons, families, and elder care residential homes. Containing contributions from leading scholars on five continents, the book summarizes the latest theories, findings, developmental aspects, and interventions relevant to bullying in a variety of settings. With up-to-date information on rapidly developing topics like sibling bullying, cyberbullying, bias-based bullying, migration and bullying, dating violence, and economic evaluation of bullying prevention programs, The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Bullying offers readers a complete view of a wide array of bullying behaviors. The insightful and up-to-date information contained within the two volumes is destined to become the standard reference for bullying-related research and theory. Readers will benefit from: Fulsome material covering research and practice conventions in countries and regions including Europe, North America, South America, Australasia, Japan, South Korea, India, Mainland China and Hong Kong, the Arab countries, and sub-Saharan Africa A comprehensive discussion on the correlates and outcomes of taking part in bullying, as well as being a victim of bullying An exploration of a variety of strategies to deal with bullying incidents, including proactive, reactive, and peer support approaches An analysis of different kinds of bullying, faith-based bullying, and disablist bullying, including racist and ethnic bullying, sexist and sexual bullying, and homophobic and transphobic bullying Perfect for postgraduate students in programs dealing with bullying in virtually any conceivable context, The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Bullying will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and practitioners in fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, social work, medicine, criminology, child care, and elder studies. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: The Handbook of Student Affairs Administration George S. McClellan, Jeremy Stringer, 2015-12-30 The Foremost Authorities on Student Affairs Address Issues Facing The Field Today The Handbook of Student Affairs Administration is a comprehensive and thoughtful resource for the field, with expert insight on the issues facing student affairs. This fourth edition has been fully updated to reflect the most current and effective practices in student affairs administration. New chapters address persistence, retention, and completion; teaching and learning; working with athletics and recreation; leadership; purpose and civic engagement; spirituality; and fundraising. Emerging populations are discussed throughout, featuring specific advice for working with veterans and dual-enrolling high school students. New material includes the role of student affairs in study abroad programs, student use of technology and using social media to serve students, working with student athletes, and more. Professionals at all levels of student affairs administration need practical, timely, and applied information on the myriad issues that fall under the student affairs umbrella. This NASPA-sponsored guide collects the latest information, methods, and advice from the field's leading authorities to bring you up to date on the latest solutions and best practices. Learn about the dominant organization and administration models in student affairs Stay up to date on core competencies and professional development models Examine the latest literature, and consider both the newest and lasting issues facing student affairs Instructor resources available As both the student population and the college experience grow more diverse, student affairs professionals need to update their toolset to face the broader scope of the field and the new challenges that arise every day. The Handbook of Student Affairs Administration provides invaluable guidance to graduate students and professionals alike, and is the one resource you should not be without. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Sexual Harassment , 1988 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Handbook for Student Affairs in Community Colleges Ashley Tull, Linda Kuk, Paulette Dalpes, 2023-07-03 In addressing the unique issues related to the delivery of student services in the community college setting, this book fills a longstanding need to provide practitioners with a contextual framework for their work. Starting by providing the historical context to the development of student affairs in community colleges, this handbook describes the organization of key functions and current practice, and looks at the specific constraints, opportunities, changes and future challenges that practitioners face.Community colleges are grappling with: the realities of shrinking resources; an increasingly diverse and disparate student body, with many attending part-time; demands for greater accountability; a generational change in leadership; and pressures to expand their missions as well as adopt educational technology – all of which have an impact on the role of student affairs.Among the topics covered are: Partnering with Academic Affairs; Financing Student Affairs; Legal and Policy Issues; Strategic Planning and Assessment; Accreditation and Accountability; Technology for Communication and Engagement; Academic Support Services; Student Life and Student Engagement Programs and Services; Enrollment Management; and Services for Special Populations.This handbook is intended for student affairs administrators and professionals at all stages of their careers, as well as for students in graduate preparation programs. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Gender Diversity and LGBTQ Inclusion in K-12 Schools Sharon Verner Chappell, Karyl E. Ketchum, Lisa Richardson, 2018-06-27 This exploration of effective practices to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) and gender-diverse students in elementary, middle, and high school contexts focuses on curriculum, pedagogy, and school environment. Narratives and artwork from the field are framed by sociocultural and critical theory as well as research-based elaboration on the issues discussed. Applications of antidiscrimination law and policy, as well as learning skills like creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking help teachers tackle some of the most significant educational challenges of our time. The stories of real-world practices offer encouragement for building inclusive environments and enhancing social-emotional relationships among youth, families, and schools. Gender Diversity and LGBTQ Inclusion in K-12 Schools provides a helpful roadmap for educators hoping to create safe and empowering spaces for LGBTQ and gender-diverse students and families. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Higher Education in the United States [2 volumes] James J. F. Forest, Kevin Kinser, 2002-06-21 Surveys the changing landscape of American higher education, from academic freedom to virtual universities, from campus crime to Pell Grants, from the Student Privacy Act to student diversity. In the years following World War II, college and university enrollment doubled, students revolted, faculty unionized, and community colleges evolved. Tuition and technology soared, as did the number of first-generation, minority, and women students. These changes radically transformed the American system of postsecondary education. Today, that system is in trouble. Its aging professoriate prepares for retirement, but low academic salaries can no longer attract the best minds to replace them. A flood of corporate dollars funds commercial research, but money for basic research—the seedbed of American scientific preeminence—has dried up. Colleges and universities also face heated competition with for-profit education providers for students, faculty, and external financial support, along with the costs of providing remedial education to growing numbers of students who are unprepared for postsecondary education. Higher Education in the United States provides a comprehensive analysis of these issues and others that scholars and practitioners of higher education study, discuss, and grapple with on a daily basis. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Religion and American Law Paul Finkelman, 2003-12-16 First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Law and Social Justice in Higher Education Crystal Renée Chambers, 2016-11-25 The latest volume in the Core Concepts in Higher Education series explores the complexity of law in higher education and both the limits and opportunities of how law can promote inclusivity and access on campus. Through a historical and legal framework, this volume discusses undergraduate students' histories of inclusion and struggles for social justice in higher education by race, sex, social class, dis/ability, and sexual orientation. Bridging research, theory, and practice, Law and Social Justice in Higher Education encourages future and current higher education and student affairs practitioners to consider how they can collaborate to further a just society. Special features: Discussion of case law illustrates the reach and limits of law and where higher education professionals can continue to push for social justice. Accessible to non-lawyers, chapters highlight key legal terms and key concepts to guide readers at the beginning of each chapter. End-of-chapter questions provide prompts for discussion and encourage student interactivity. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Federal Higher Education Programs Institutional Eligibility United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor, 1974 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Federal Higher Education Programs Institutional Eligibility United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Education, 1975 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Federal Higher Education Programs: Accreditation, hearings held in Washington, D.C., July 18, 19 and 25, 1974 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Special Subcommittee on Education, 1974 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Clearinghouse Review , 1997 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Using Equity Audits in the Classroom to Reach and Teach All Students Kathryn Bell McKenzie, Linda Skrla, 2011-07-14 Raise your equity awareness quotient In this time of changing demographics and increased diversity, many teachers find that existing strategies to promote equity are only successful with some of the students in their classes. This book provides teachers with new strategies and tools that will work for all children, including those with diverse needs. The authors outline a wide range of methods to help teachers: Assess their competency in teaching all students Embrace self-reflection and be open to change Evaluate and assess student achievement Develop high-quality teaching skills and an equity consciousness that leads to success with all students Every chapter of this easy-to-read and content-rich text contains a wealth of assessment tools and discussion tools that guide educators to greater equity and excellence. Teachers will find practical strategies for raising student achievement and closing the achievement gap. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Classroom Management W. George Scarlett, 2015-02-24 A teacher’s ability to manage the classroom strongly influences the quality of teaching and learning that can be accomplished. Among the most pressing concerns for inexperienced teachers is classroom management, a concern of equal importance to the general public in light of behavior problems and breakdowns in discipline that grab newspaper headlines. But classroom management is not just about problems and what to do when things go wrong and chaos erupts. It’s about how to run a classroom so as to elicit the best from even the most courteous group of students. An array of skills is needed to produce such a learning environment. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Classroom Management raises issues and introduces evidence-based, real-world strategies for creating and maintaining well-managed classrooms where learning thrives. Students studying to become teachers will need to develop their own classroom management strategies consistent with their own philosophies of teaching and learning. It is hoped that this work will help open their eyes to the range of issues and the array of skills they might integrate into their unique teaching styles. Key Features: 325 signed entries organized in A-to-Z fashion across two volumes Reader's Guide grouping related entries thematically References/Further Readings and Cross-References sections Chronology in the back matter Resource Guide in the appendix This encyclopedia is an excellent scholarly source for students who are pursuing a degree or position in the field of education. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Classroom Management is an ideal source for all academic and public libraries. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: California School Law Frank Kemerer, Peter Sansom, 2013-10-02 Now in its third edition, California School Law is the only comprehensive source discussing how federal and state law affects the day-to-day operation of the state's traditional public, charter, and private schools. While the book is comprehensive, the authors have written it for a broad audience. California School Law has become a coveted desk-top reference for administrators, governing board members, school attorneys, union leaders, and policymakers. It also has been widely adopted as a classroom textbook in educational administration and education law classes. The first chapter provides an explanation of the legal framework within which California schooling takes place and key players at the state, district, and school level. Ensuing chapters examine student attendance and truancy, curriculum law, employment law, teacher and student rights of expression, the school and religion, students with disabilities, student discipline, privacy and search and seizure, and legal liability in both state and federal court. Also included are chapters on unions and collective bargaining, educational finance issues, and racial and gender discrimination. Appendices provide a glossary of legal terminology, an explanation of how to find and read legislative enactments and judicial decisions, and a list of sources for accessing law. The book's table of contents is included on this website. Law never stands still. To keep current with changing legal precedent, the authors maintain a cumulative update for the third edition at www.californiaschoollaw.org. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Power and Inequality in Interpersonal Relations Vladimir Shlapentokh, Eric Beasley, 2015-02-28 This book explores interpersonal situations in which weak or vulnerable people find themselves and the ways in which others help create, sustain, and eradicate such social dynamics. Vladimir Shlapentokh and Eric Beasley demonstrate that people can gain power over each other and then abuse this power because of unequal resource conditions. The authors define resources as the means necessary for satisfaction or achievement of needs or goals, such as wealth, physical strength, intellectual capacity and information, sexual attractiveness, and status. This volume is different from existing social science books on inequality and vulnerability, which address relations between people of different social positions, races, genders, ages, and places of residence confronting each other in political, economic, and cultural battles. This book focuses on people who become the victims of those whom they know personally—relatives, colleagues, neighbors. The authors argue that unequal resource distribution among members of social units is the main cause of conflict and ultimately creates situations where members of a social unit can abuse other members of the same unit. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties Paul Finkelman, 2006 Publisher Description |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Resources in Women's Educational Equity , 1977 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Multicultural/Bilingual Division Fiscal Year 1977 - Fiscal Year 1978 Program Plan National Institute of Education (U.S.). Multicultural/Bilingual Division, 1977 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Program Plan - Multicultural/Bilingual Division National Institute of Education (U.S.). Multicultural/Bilingual Division, 1976 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Basic Management Skills: Participant manual , 1982 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1985 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor, 1986 |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: The Sage Encyclopedia of LGBTQ+ Studies, 2nd Edition Abbie E. Goldberg, 2024-01-09 The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies, 2nd Edition will be a broad, interdisciplinary product aimed at students and educators interested in an interdisciplinary perspective on LGBTQ issues. This far-reaching and contemporary set of volumes is meant to examine and provide understandings of the lives and experiences of LGBTQ individuals, with attention to the contexts and forces that shape their world. The volume will address questions such as: What are the key theories used to understand variations in sexual orientation and gender identity? How do LGBTQ+ people experience the transition to parenthood? How does sexual orientation intersect with other key social locations (e.g., race) to shape experience and identity? What does LGBTQ+ affirmative therapy look like? How have anti-LGBTQ ballot measures affected LGBTQ people? What are LGBTQ+ people’s experiences during COVID-19? How were LGBTQ+ people impacted by the Trump administration? What is life like for LGBTQ+ people living outside the United States? This encyclopedia will be a unique product on the market: a reference work that looks at LGBTQ issues and identity primarily through the lenses of psychology, human development, and sociology, and emphasizing queer, feminist, and ecological perspectives on this topic. Entries will be written by top researchers and clinicians across multiple fields—psychology, human development, gender/queer studies, sexuality studies, social work, nursing, cultural studies, education, family studies, medicine, public health, and sociology—contributing to approximately 450-500 signed entries. All entries will include cross-references and Further Readings. |
| federal antidiscrimination law in education title: Catalog [of] Publications United States. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976 |
